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4.What's in a Name?
     Many American names come from England.But where did most English names come from?
     Centuries ago,most people in England had only one name--their first name.In the 11th century,five 
or six of the 50 people in a village might be named William,and it was easy to get confused.But in the Middle Ages,people found a way to describe each person exactly.If there were four Williams in one village,one might be referred to as William the son of John.A second might be called William from the hill.A third,William the blacksmith(铁匠).And a fourth,William the brown haired.In conversation,people might refer to the four Williams as William John's son,William hill,William smith,and William brown.
     It was 300 or 400 years before the extra ( 附加的) names gradually developed into last names,or
surnames.They were passed on from generation to generation.By the 1300s,Robert,the son of William
smith,had the name Robert smith,even if he was not a blacksmith like his father.As the last name became widely accepted,the first letter was capitalized,as in Robert Smith.By the 15th century,most people of the upper and middle classes had surnames.
     Many surnames were based on father-son relations.The"son of"part was added to the father's first
name,like Johnson,meaning John's son.Sometimes it was shortened to just"s",as in Jones or Evans.
Surnames like Hill described the place where a person lived.They are the most common type of surname.A third kind of surname was based on a person's job.Forester was someone who looked after the forest.
In the Middle Ages,occupation names such as Baker,Carpenter,and Miller became common.The fourth kind of surname was nickname(绰号).A man whose surname was Bear might be as fierce as a bear.
    Have you ever wondered why some surnames are so common?The most common surname in the
English language is Smith.Being able to make metals(金属)into tools was an important skill in the Middle Ages,and many people were trained as blacksmiths.The most common American surnames are Smith,Johnson,William and Brown.
61.Where do many American names come from?
62.When did people find a way to describe each person exactly?
63.How long did it take for extra names to develop into last names?
64.What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?
65.Why were many people trained blacksmith in the Middle Ages?

分析 短文主要介绍了美国人的名字以及英国人的名字尤其是姓的来源,以及名字背后的意义等.

解答 答案:61.England.细节理解题.根据第二段句子Many American names come from England.许多美国人的名字来自英国.可知来自英国.故答案为England.
62.In the middle ages.细节理解题.根据第三段第二行句子But in the Middle Ages,people found a way to describe each person exactly.但在中世纪,人们找到了一种方法来描述每个人.可知是中世纪.故答案为In the middle ages.
63.300 or 400 years.细节理解题.根据第四段句子It was 300or 400years before the extra ( 附加的) names gradually developed into last names,or surnames.过了300或者400年,这些名字逐渐发展成姓,或者姓氏.可知是过了300或者400年,故答案为300 or 400 years.
64.Many surnames were based on father-son relation.细节理解题.根据第四段内容及其Many surnames were based on father-son relations.The"son of"part was added to the father's first name,like Johnson,meaning John's son.许多姓氏是以父子关系为基础的,"部分的儿子名字"被添加到父亲的第一个名字,像约翰逊,意思是约翰的儿子.可知主要讲的是许多姓氏都是基于父子关系的.故答案为Many surnames were based on father-son relation.
65.Because being able to make metals into tools was an important still in the Middle Ages.细节理解题.根据最后一段句子The most common surname in the English language is Smith.Being able to make metals(金属)into tools was an important skill in the Middle Ages,and many people were trained as blacksmiths.可知因为在中世纪能够使金属工具是重要的.故答案为Because being able to make meyals into tools was an important still in the Middle Ages.

点评 主要是根据前提问题来做出相应的要求内的答案,题型比较灵活但是考查了学生多方面的知识和技能,要做好这类题,就要注意平时知识的积累,包括单词、词组、句型等.

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