【题目】读下列图文资料回答问题。
黑土是大量枯枝落叶或草本植物难以腐化、分解，历经长时间演化形成的肥沃土壤。下图示意某优质黑士区。20世纪30年代以来，该区域农作物种植面积不断扩大，黑土侵蚀严重。60年代起，该区域采取了滴灌等一系列措施，黑土侵蚀明显减少。
（1）说明该地区气候条件对黑土形成的影响。
（2）分析20世纪30年代以来该地区黑土侵蚀严重的原因。
（3）说明滴灌对减轻该地区黑土侵蚀的作用。
（4）简述该地区土壤侵蚀减轻所产生的生态效益。
【答案】
（1）夏季雨热同期，利于植被生长，冬季较长，寒冷干燥，枯枝落叶多；微生物活动弱，枯枝落叶分解缓慢。
（2）种植面积扩大，导致森林、草地破坏，加剧黑土退化；黑土区深居内陆，冬春降水较少干旱，多大风天气，风力侵蚀作用显著；夏季降水集中多暴雨流水侵蚀作用较强。
（3）保持黑土水分，防止旱季因土壤过度干燥，减轻风力对土壤的侵蚀；防过度灌溉造成水土流失
（4）减少大气中的扬尘；改善水质, 保护土壤肥力；保护生物的栖息地，有利于维护生物多样性
【解析】
试题分析：
（1）该地夏季雨热同期，冬季较长，寒冷干燥，枯枝落叶多，有利于黑土的形成。
（2）该地区黑土侵蚀严重的原因，可以从草地破坏、风力侵蚀等方面回答。
（3）滴灌有利于保持黑土水分、减轻风力对土壤的侵蚀。
（4）土壤侵蚀减轻所产生的生态效益，可以从改善水质、保护土壤肥力、保护生物多样性等方面回答。
【知识点】区域存在的环境与发展问题及其产生的危害，以及有关的治理保护措施
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