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    51---------
    Successful people are nicer to those who are jealous of them, psychologists have found.
    　　　The fear that they may become the target of malicious（恶意的）envy makes people act more helpfully toward people who they think might be jealous of them.
    　　　Previous research found jealousy could be divided into benign and malicious envy. Those with benign envy were motivated to improve themselves, to do better so they could be more like the person they envied.52--------　The Dutch researchers then set out to question the effect on the target of the envy.
    In lab experiments a group of people were made to feel like they would be maliciously envied by being told they would receive an award of five euros（欧元）53-------The researchers thought that the deserved prize would lead to benign envy, while the undeserved prize would lead to malicious envy.
    　　　Then the volunteer was asked to give time-consuming advice to a potentially envious person.People who had reason to think they would be the target of malicious envy were more likely to take the time to give advice than targets of benign envy.
    　　　In another experiment, an experimenter dropped a number of erasers on the floor as the volunteer was leaving.54--------　He said: 'This sort of serves a useful group function. We all think better-off people should share with others but that's not something we are inclined to do when we are better off..55----------　　
    A．Those who thought they would be maliciously envied were more likely to help him pick them up.
    B．Helping others is a virtue.
    C．However those with malicious envy wanted tobringthe more successful persondown.
    D．Malicious envy. is terrible.
    E. This fear of envy can encourage us to behave in ways that improve the social interactions of the group.'
    　　F. People are more likely to help others if they think they are envious of them.
    G.. Sometimes the prize was deserved and was based on the score they were told they had earned on a quiz. But sometimes it was not based on their score at all.

    小题1:   F          
    小题1:C
    小题1:G
    小题1:A
    小题1:E
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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has  come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) species
    The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant
    Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
    The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
    There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
    Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
    Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .”
    小题1:One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.
    A．the Asian elephantB．the forest elephant
    C．the savanna elephantD．the mastodon elephant
    小题2:The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4means “________”
    A．evolutionB．exhibitionC．separationD．examination
    小题3:The researcher’s conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ____________
    A．DNAB．heightC．weightD．population
    小题4: What were Alfred Roca’s words mainly about?
    A．The conversation of African elephants.
    B．The purpose of studying African elephants
    C．The way to divide African elephants into two units
    D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants
    小题5: Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
    A．Naturalist’s Belief about Elephants.
    B．Amazing Experiment about Elephants
    C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants
    D．A Long scientific Debate about Elephants

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    Scientists have created a “ human-like robot” that can dance and do the housework.
    “ Mahru” has been developed to imitate humans and can move its lips, eyebrows and pupils(瞳孔). The machine can also move its upper and lower body freely and automatically stop itself when walking.
    In addition, it has been programmed to give out two kinds of pleasant smells to match its emotions.
    The 1.5 tall robot was produced by researchers at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) and is the first South Korean- developed machine of its kind.
    “‘Mahru’ will open the way for the commercial use of humanoid robots doing housework,” You Bum-Jae, leader of the development research team ,said. “‘Mahru’ can dance while walking on its legs and is able to work in place of a human.”
    Through an advanced motion capture (捕获) system, “Mahru” can follow a variety of human movements and move its hands freely enough to deal with any obstacles that may get in its way when walking.
    State-funded KIST showed the robot during a presentation at its head office in Seoul.
    People here were treated to an entertaining demonstration which saw the robot show off the full range of its skills, most notably s series of dance moves.
    The research team added that they had designed another “ Mahru”, this time with sensors(传感器) allowing it to distinguish(分辨) between faces and objects.
    The showing of “ Mahru” came a week after researcher in Japan said they had created the “most human-like” robot in the world. A team at robotics department of Osaka University in Japan claimed that “ robogirl”, Repliee R-1, “ looks, moves and interacts (相互作用) like a human, and has silicone(硅胶) skin that feels almost human to the touch.”
    小题1: “Mahru” made by KIST can do the following things EXCEPT____________
    A．dance with other human –like robotsB．move its body freely
    C．stop automatically when walkingD．express certain feelings through smells
    小题2: According to what You Bum- Jae said in Paragraph 5, his research team wants to ________.
    A．help robots with doing houseworkB．show its scientific power
    C．make Mahru offer more funD．explore Mahru’s commercial use
    小题3: When Mahru” meets something in its way, it will be likely to________.
    A．go around itB．turn back quickly
    C．deal with it using its handsD．ask humans for help
    小题4:According to the last paragraph, Repliee R-1 __________.
    A．is another MahruB．was made by KIST
    C．has skin feeling similar to humans’D．looks like a boy
    小题5:The passage is probably a  __________.
    A．news reportB．research reportC．healthy reportD．entertainment report

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.
    “Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.
    The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventuallly the bones will have to be returned to the ground.
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    Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.
    Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”
    The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.
    小题1:According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ______.
    A．it is only a temporary measure on the human remains
    B．it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific research
    C．it was introduced by the government without their knowledge
    D．it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains
    小题2:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
    A．Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.
    B．Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.
    C．Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.
    D．Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.
    小题3:What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?
    A．The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.
    B．The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.
    C．The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.
    D．The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.
    小题4:Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
    A．New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.
    B．Research time should be extended, scientists require.
    C．Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.
    D．Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    Europe's first major university department to promote research into government and public policy will open in Oxford under new plans．
    In a hugely significant move, Oxford University will create a new school of government in 2012 following a￡75 million donation by Leonard Blavatnik, the American industrialist and philanthropist（慈善家）．The school is intended to train outstanding graduates from across the world in the skills and responsibilities of government．The move is being backed by world leaders including Nelson Mandela, Bill Clinton and Kofi Annan．
    Andrew Hamilton, Oxford's vice - chancellor, said: "The school represents a huge milestone in Oxford's history．It will give tomorrow leaders the best of Oxford's traditional strengths alongside new and practical ways of understanding and meeting the challenges of good governance．
    "The university has educated 26 British Prime Ministers and over 30 other world leaders, yet until how the major international schools of government have all been outside Europe, principally in the United States．"
    Under plans, the Blavatnik School of Government will provide a series of practical courses leading to a Master's degree．It will cover a range of subjects including the humanities, social sciences, law, science, technology, health, finance, energy and security policy．
    Oxford said Mr Blavatnik's donation was one of the most generous in the university' s 900 year history The university itself will be investing an additional￡26m in the school, as well as land in the Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, where the school will be located．
    Lord Patten, Oxford's chancellor, said: "This is a once - in - a - century opportunity for Oxford through the Blavatnik donation, Oxford will now become the world's leading centre for the training of future leaders in government and public policy - and in ways that take proper account of the very different additions, institutions and cultures that those leaders will serve．It is an important moment for the future good government throughout the world．"
    小题1:What is the text mainly about?
    A．Political leaders from Oxford．
    B．Traditions and strengths of Oxford．
    C．Oxford ways to train future leaders．
    D．Oxford school of government under plans．
    小题2:The move is meant to _____．
    A．provide varieties of courses
    B．promote popularity of Oxford
    C．find talented graduates in Europe
    D．educate tomorrow’s political leaders
    小题3:What can students learn in the new school?
    A．Politics and economics．
    B．Philosophy and humanities．
    C．Traditional and practical courses．
    D．Modern science and technology．
    小题4:Which of the following is true of the school?
    A．It is named after Leonard Blavatnik．
    B．It will not provide traditional courses．
    C．It is wholly financed by Leonard Blavatnik．
    D．It is the first international school of government.
    小题5:What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
    A．Public policy is the present focus．
    B．More world leaders will rise from Oxford．
    C．World leaders need to respect each other．
    D．Lord Patten has different opinions of the plan．

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    Do you blank out, freeze up or feel so nervous in exams that you have trouble writing answers to questions that you knew just last night? If so, you likely have a case of test anxiety.
    But, don’t panic. By recognizing the problem, you are taking the first step towards overcoming it.
    Believe it or not, a touch of nervousness can sharpen your mind, allowing you to perform more quickly. This is because under stress, the body releases the hormone adrenaline (肾上腺素), which prepares it for something important that will happen. However, too much anxiety can result in sleeplessness, loss of appetite（食欲） before tests, and poor performances. Some people might feel shaky, hot, or even sick.
    If you worry a lot or are a perfectionist, you are more likely to have trouble with test anxiety. Those who have prepared poorly for a test or have had negative experiences taking tests may also experience test anxiety.
    When you feel a storm of anxiety coming on, stop what you are doing and make your mind a blank. If possible, actually tell yourself to “STOP”. This will get your mind off the stress.
    Then think of being at a place of comfort and let your body relax. As you continue the test, find questions you know the answers to and answer them first. This will help restore your confidence.
    Talk to yourself using positive language. Make it a habit to replace each negative thought with a logical reason. For example：“ I’ve studied hard and I know the material, so I’m ready to do the best I can.”
    Another thing you can do is to learn to accept mistakes. In fact, they can be valuable learning opportunities.
    Last but not least, start test preparation early---three to five days ahead of the quiz or test. After all, good study habits and skills ---for example, time management and note-taking – will give you the feeling that your are in control.
    小题1:The first step to overcome nervousness is___ .
    A．stopping what you are doing, and make your mind a blank.
    B．getting aware of your problem that you are always nervous
    C．releasing a kind of body liquid.D．making full preparations
    小题2:___ are more likely to feel very nervous in tests.
    A．People who feel a touch of nervousness in tests.
    B．People who haven’t prepared very well.
    C．People who require that everything must be perfect.
    D．People who have recognized their problems.
    小题3: According to the passage, which statement is TRUE?
    A．Those who have ever failed in tests must feel anxious.
    B．A touch of nervousness is a good thing.
    C．You should answer the questions on the paper one by one.
    D．Full preparation is not as important as nervousness controlling.

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    In general, it seems reasonable to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological reactions also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.
    But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels affect the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of a plane pilot or an air-traffic controller. Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did affect the subject’s ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelm and Glass 1970).
    Probably the most significant finding from the research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to “tune out” long-lasing background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected disturbance of noise. In Glass and Singer’s study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the some amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. The study shows that the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud predictable noise.
    Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.
    小题1:When talking about people’s difficulty in sleeping in the mountains, what can be inferred in the passage?
    A．They usually do not prefer peace and quiet to noise.
    B．They may be exposed to short bursts of very strange sounds.
    C．They prefer to hear a certain amount of noise while they sleep.
    D．They may not have adapted to a higher noise level in the city.
    小题2:What did Glass and Singer find in their noise experiment?
    A．Problem-solving is much easier under quiet conditions.
    B．Physiological reactions prevent the ability to work.
    C．Bursts of noise hardly disturb problem-solving in the long term.
    D．The physiological reactions of the control subjects declined quickly.
    小题3:Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to affect the __________.
    A．successful performance of a single task
    B．tasks of pilots or air traffic controllers
    C．ability to repeat numbers while tracking moving lines
    D．ability to monitor three dials at once
    小题4: What does “take its toll on performance” in the passage probably mean?
    A．Destroy the performance completely.
    B．Have a negative effect on the performance.
    C．Improve the performance greatly.
    D．Have a positive influence on the performance.

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    In the future your automobile（汽车） will run on water instead of gas! You will be able to buy a supercomputer that fits in your pocket! You might even drive a flying car!
    For each prediction that has come true today, several others have missed by a mile. Many of these predictions didn’t consider how people would want to use the technology, or if people really needed it in their lives or not. Let’s look at some predictions from the not-too-distant past.
    Robot Helpers
    Where’s the robot in my kitchen? Nowhere, of course. And he’s probably not coming anytime soon. Robots do exist today, but mostly in factories and other manufacturing environments.
    Back in the 1950s, however, people said that by now personal robots would be in most people’s homes.
    So why hasn’t it happened?  Probably because robots are still too expensive and clumsy. And maybe the idea of robots cooking our dinners and washing our clothes is just too weird. At home we seem to be doing fine without them.
    Telephones of Tomorrow
    In 1964 an American company introduced the video telephone. They said by the year 2000 most people would have a video phone in their homes. But of course the idea hasn’t caught on yet.
    Why? The technology worked fine, but it over—looked something obvious: people’s desire for privacy（隐私）. Would you want to have a video phone conversation with someone after you just step out of the shower（淋浴）?  Probably not---it could be embarrassing! Just because a technology available doesn’t always mean people will want to use it.
    And finally, how about that crazy prediction of the flying car? It’s not so crazy anymore! But a flying car remains one of the most fascinating technology ideas to capture our imagination. Keep watching the news, or perhaps the sky outside your window, to see what the future will bring.
    小题1:
    The whole passage is mainly about ________________.
    A．predictions that have come true.B．predictions that haven’t come true.
    C．why predictions don’t come true easily.D．what technology will bring about.
    小题2:
    The author of this passage won’t believe that _________________.
    A．predictions needn’t consider people’s practical use of technology.
    B．the future isn’t always easy to guess.
    C．not all past predictions have come true.
    D．many of the high—tech things our parents thought we’d be using by now
    simply never appeared.
    小题3:
    The underlined word “weird” probably means __________.
    A．wonderfulB．stupidC．practicalD．strange
    小题4:
    What does the author think of the flying car?
    A．It is too difficult to imagine.B．It is too crazy an idea.
    C．It is likely to be made.D．It is often reported in the news.

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

    Topping the class academically was certainly an advantage. For Nigel, studying was a piece of cake. The reward was certainly much bigger compared to the little effort Nigel had made. It all began when he was selected to help the teachers in the computer laboratories. And the peak of his school career came not when he topped the class but when he was selected for the nationwide competition.
    Unlike everyone else, Nigel wanted to join in the contest because he liked playing with the Lego sets(乐高积木) and making something out of them. Nigel spent two months building his robot. It was during the time that Nigel found out about the big prize for the competition as well as a competitive rival(对手), Alicia, from a neighboring school. His early intentions were forgotten. Getting the thousand-dollar prize was more important than anything else. Nigel decided to make friends with Alicia. Unaware of his intentions, she told him all about the robot that she had been building for the competition. He even helped her to put the finishing touches(收尾工作) to her robot. He was glad with the way things had progressed. His robot looked even better than Alicia's and it was able to play a ball with its arm, something Alicia had failed to do.
    On the day of the competition, he saw Alicia. Everything became clear the minute she saw him among the competitors. She stared at him, puzzled at first, then angry and finally a look of helplessness came over her.
    The flashbulbs (闪光灯) of the camera exploded in Nigel's face. The robot had performed actions so unique and different that the specialists' judgments were the same. Nigel was so pleased with himself that he did not even notice the girl standing a few feet away from him. Without her, he would never have won the competition.
    小题1:What reward did Nigel receive for doing well in his school work?
    A．He was offered a part-time job.B．He was honored with a scholarship.
    C．He helped his teachers build a robot.D．He helped in the computer laboratories.
    小题2:Nigel's original intention of joining the contest was to ___     .
    A．win honor for his schoolB．be the top student of the school
    C．build a robot with the Lego setsD．win the thousand-dollar prize
    小题3:Why did Nigel help Alicia finish her robot?
    A．He intended to help her.B．He was fond of building robots.
    C．He wanted to be her real friend. D．He didn't want her to suspect (怀疑) him.
    小题4:What is the author's attitude towards Nigel's actions?
    A．Favorable B．Critical (批评的)C．Doubtful D．Sympathetic

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