How Much to Tip
You’re out to dinner. The food is delicious and the service is fine. You decide to leave a big fat tip. Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think.
Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service. Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill’s total. Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night.
“Studies before have shown that mimicry (模仿) brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor. “These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them.”
S
o Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups. He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers. Rick van
Baaren then compared their take-home. The results were clear — it pays to mimic your customer. The copycat(模仿者) waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group.
Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at 
Washington University in St. Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill. After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’ bills went up. In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau (达到稳定水平) when bills topped $100 and a bill for $200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for $100.
“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says. “You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you. If they weren’t there, you’d never get any service. So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there.”
【小题1】 Apart from service, how many other factors affecting the customers’ tipping are mentioned in the passage?
| A．1. | B．2. | C．3. | D．4. |
| A．tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter’s factors |
| B．people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them |
| C．the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group |
| D．mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad |
 |
| A．object to Mr. Green’s idea about tipping |
| B．think part of Mr. Green’s explanation is reasonable |
| C．give his generous tip to waiters very often |
| D．support the opinions of Mr. Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping |
科目：高中英语 来源：四川省成都石室中学2010届高三下学期第三次模拟考试（英语） 题型：阅读理解
Brittnie Pemberton listened attentively as Jim Herrick took her and her mother, Tanya, on a brief tour of San Diego State University on Thursday．Her dream is much closer to reality after she received a promise from the university．The university promised that she would get a full four-year scholarship to the school as long as she met the entrance requirements．
Brittnie, 10, laughed．Her mom cried．
They live at the Salvation Army Door of Hope, a living center for homeless women and their children．Photojournalist Linda Solomon met them in August when she came to the facility and taught boys and girls, ages three-and-a-half to 13, how to take pictures．She gave them all disposable cameras and told them to capture images that reflected their dreams．The children's images - a big house, a church, a playground, a backyard and more - are kept．This is a project called“Pictures of Hope" organized by the Salvation Army
"I wish to go to college, so I took a picture of the sign out in front of San Diego State University," Brittnie said last month．The Fletcher Elementary School fifth-grader was pointing to the Christmas card bearing her photograph．
Adrienne Finley, development director at the Salvation Army, hosted a reception for Solomon, who told Finley about the president of a small university who gave a child the scholarship she dreamed of last year．
Finley called his old friend, Herrick, who serves as the SDSU President．"We have a wonderful opportunity here to make a difference in a little girl's life," Finley said．Soon her mom and Brittnie were face to face with SDSU President Jim Herrick．
"You must be Brittnie," he said, reaching out to shake her hand．She quickly pulled her hands out of the pockets of the new SDSU sweatshirt she had been given that morning．
They sat down at a table in his office and talked about college, about science, about her love of math and his hope that she and other girls wouldn't lose interest in those subjects, as happens to many girls as they grow older．
Then they talked about how much discipline she would need over the next eight years to make her dream come true．Both signed the paper outlining their agreement to the terms of the scholarship．Back outside on the sunny campus, Brittnie admitted she's tempted sometimes not to do her homework．"But not anymore," she said．
49．According to the first paragraph, we can know that________．
A．it is certain that Brittnie will be admitted into SDSU
B．Brittnie will not need to pay for her university education if she can study in SDSU．
C．Jim Herrick promised Brittnie’s mother to offer her a job in SDSU．
D．Brittnie made a promise that she would never give up her dream．．
50．The Salvation Army Door of Hope is intended to ______．
A．call on young men and young women to help others
B．provide shelters for homeless moms and their children
C．carry out some projects to help those who are in trouble
D．help homeless people no matter who they are
51．According to the passage, the following statements are true EXCEPT_______．
A．Linda Solomon taught children photography to inspire them．
B．Children told people about their dreams through their pictures．
C．Brittnie took a picture standing at the gate of SDSC．
D．Brittnie’s picture was so good that it was printed on a Christmas card．
52．From what Ferrick said to Brittnie, we can infer that_______．
A．Ferrick has a strong belief that Brittnie will be a scientist in the future．
B．Brittnie, as well as some other girls, is interested in both science and math．
C．some girls would not be so good in science and math as boys as they grow older．
D．Brittnie will never lose interest in science because of her deep love
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科目：高中英语 来源：2011-2012学年内蒙古牙克石林业一中高二下学期期末考试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
When I was an official of a school in Palo Alto, California, Polly Tyner, the president of our board, wrote a letter that was printed in the Palo Alto Times. Polly’s son, Jim, had great difficulty in school. He was classified as the educationally handicapped and required a great deal of patience on the part of his parents and teachers. But Jim was a happy kid with a great smile that lit up the room. His parents knew his difficulties, but they always tried to help him see his strengths so that he could walk with pride. Shortly after Jim finished high school, he was killed in a motorcycle accident. After his death, his mother submitted this letter to the newspaper.
“Today we buried our 20-year-old son. He was killed in a motorcycle accident on Friday night. How I wish I had known that the last time I had talked to him would be the last time. If I had only known that, I would have said to him, ‘Jim, I love you and I’m always so proud of you.’ I would have taken the time to count the many blessings he had brought to the lives of the people who loved him. I would have taken the time to appreciate his beautiful smile, his laughter, and his genuine love to other people.
“When I put all the good things on the scale and try to balance them with all the irritating (恼人的) things such as the radio that was always too loud, the haircut that wasn’t to our liking, the dirty socks under the bed, etc., I find that the irritations really don’t amount to much.
“I won’t get another chance to tell my son all that I would have wanted him to hear, but, other parents, do have a chance. Tell your young people what you would want them to hear as if it may be your last conversation. The last time I talked to Jim was the morning of the day when he died. He called me to say, ‘Hi, Mom! I just called to say I love you. You have to go to work now. Bye.’ That day, he gave me something to treasure forever. ”
If there is any purpose at all for Jim’s death, maybe it is to make others appreciate life more and to tell people, especially family members, that they should take the time to let each other know just how much they care. You may never have another chance. Do it today!
【小题1】What’s the meaning of the underlined phrase “the educationally handicapped”?
| A．The learning difficulty. |
| B．The physical problems. |
| C．The psychological problems. |
| D．The communication difficulty. |
| A．He was always sad about his school marks. |
| B．His parents always scolded him about his bad school marks. |
| C．His study needed more attention from his parents and teachers. |
| D．He was killed in a car accident. |
| A．He was a lovely boy with a beautiful smile who always loved others. |
| B．He was physically sick but always happy. |
| C．He was an irritating boy with some bad habits. |
| D．He seldom expressed his love for his parents. |
| A．memorize her son |
| B．teach parents to appreciate their children |
| C．teach children how to be good boys |
| D．give some advice on how to deal with children’s problems |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届四川省乐山市第一中学高三9月月考英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
When my brother and I were young, my mom would take us on Transportation Days.
It goes like this: You can’t take any means of transportation more than once. We would start from home, walking two blocks(街区) to the rail station. We’d take the train into the city center, then a bus, switching to the tram, then maybe a taxi. We always considered taking a horse carriage in the historic district, but we didn’t like the way the horses were treated, so we never did. At the end of the day, we took the subway to our closest station, where Mom’s friend was waiting to give us a ride home—our first car ride of the day.
The good thing about Transportation Days is not only that Mom taught us how to get around. She was born to be multimodal (多方式的). She understood that depending on cars only was a failure of imagination and, above all, a failure of confidence—the product of a childhood not spent exploring subway tunnels.
Once you learn the route map and step with certainty over the gap between the train and the platform, nothing is frightening anymore. New cities are just light-rail lines to be explored. And your personal car, if you have one, becomes just one more tool in the toolbox—and often an inadequate(不适当的) one, limiting both your mobility and your wallet.
On Transportation Days, we might stop for lunch on Chestnut Street or buy a new book or toy, but the transportation was the point. First, it was exciting enough to watch the world speed by from the train window. As I got older, my mom helped me unlock the mysteries that would otherwise have paralyzed my first attempts to do it myself: How do I know where to get off? How do I know how much it costs? How do I know when I need tickets, and where to get them? What track, what line, which direction, where’s the stop, and will I get wet when we go under the river?
I’m writing this right now on an airplane, a means we didn’t try on our Transportation Days and, we now know, the dirtiest and most polluting of them all. My flight routed me through Philadelphia. My multimodal mom met me for dinner in the airport. She took a train to meet me.
【小题1】Which was forbidden by Mom on Transportation Days?
| A．Having a car ride. |
| B．Taking the train twice. |
| C．Buying more than one toy. |
| D．Touring the historic district. |
| A．Building confidence in herself. |
| B．Reducing her use of private cars. |
| C．Developing her sense of direction. |
| D．Giving her knowledge about vehicles. |
| A．displayed | B．Justified | C．Ignored | D．destroyecl |
| A．Subway. | B．Airplane. | C．Tram. | D．Car. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年广东省珠海市高一上学期期末质检英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
When you think of all the ways your body can get hurt---falling off a bike, stepping on a nail, being bitten by a crazed dog---the aches and pains that come from sitting at a computer may not seem like much.
But more doctors are getting worried about just that. If you sit at a PC the wrong way, the nerves and muscles in your back, neck and arms can get out of line.
Ergonomics is the study of how people work and how jobs and equipment can be designed so that people are safer and more comfortable in the things they do---whether that’s working on a factory assembly line or sitting in front of a computer.
The monitor
You should not have to tilt（倾斜） your neck up or down to lock at the screen. Your eyes should be level with the top of the screen.
How far away should you sit? Reach your arm out so your fingertips just touch the screen.
The keyboard
It should be directly in front of you. Don’t unfold the legs on the bottom of the keyboard so that it tilts up toward you---it should be as flat as possible, or even tilted away from you. You want your wrists “neutral,” which means straight, not bent. This puts less strain on your nerves and muscles.
Arms should be close to the body. Don’t look at your fingers as you type. Use a document holder to hold papers at the same level as the monitor. Keep the mouse on the same level as the keyboard and close by--- so you don’t have to reach for it.
The chair
Your feet shouldn’t dangle---the blood will pool in your feet. They should rest flat on the floor, or on phone books, if necessary. Your back needs support. Roll up a towel and stick it there.
The Body
If you think of your body as a collection of right angles when you sit at a computer, you should be just fine.
Your hips should be at a 90-degree angle to your back. That takes the pressure off the spine. And your knees should bend at a 90 degree angle so your feet are flat.
【小题1】The passage mainly talks about .
| A．avoiding pains caused by using PC | B．the science of ergonomics |
| C．illness caused by a computer | D．how to keep fit |
| A．管理学 | B．人机工程学 | C．机械工程学 | D．经济学 |
| A．As high as your arms. |
| B．A little higher than your eyes. |
| C．A little lower than your eyes. |
| D．At the same level as your eyes. |
| A．Tilting away from you. | B．Tilting up toward you. |
| C．Flat. | D．Not mentioned. |
| A．Rest them on a phone book. | B．Rest them on the floor. |
| C．They should rest flat. | D．They should dangle. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届山西省四校高三第四次联考英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
“Drink your milk. It’s good for you!” You’ve probably heard that many times, and it’s true. Milk contains calcium, which is a necessary nutrient for keeping bones and teeth healthy and strong. The U.S. government even requires milk as part of the National School Lunch Program, saying that students should drink one cup of fat-free or low-fat milk at each meal.
Last Thursday, however, a group of doctors asked the government to remove milk from the lunch program. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) says, “Milk is high in sugar, high in fat and high in animal protein, all of which have negative effects on health.” “One of the only reasons people talk about dairy, or promote it, is that it is going to help build strong bones.” says Dr. Neal Barnard, president of the PCRM. There are better and healthier ways to get calcium such as eating beans, broccoli, cereals and tofu. Orange juice and soymilk that have calcium added to them also supply the nutrient.
Of course, calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth, but your genes, how much vitamin D you take in and getting an hour’s worth of exercise every day all play a part.
Some nutritionists disagree with the idea that milk isn’t important. Keri Gans, a dietitian, says, “I think it’s irresponsible to take away this beverage that children enjoy, especially among those who are unable to meet their nutrient needs for the day, and remove it from the lunch line.”
The U.S. government is studying the request of the PCRM, but a decision may be a long way off. Meanwhile, Marion Nestle, a professor at New York University, puts it best: “Milk has nutrients. Other foods have the same nutrients. It’s just a food. Like other foods, too much might be a problem.”
【小题1】What is mainly talked about in the first paragraph?
| A．The concern about students’ health. | B．Traditional attitudes towards milk. |
| C．Ways to keep bones and teeth healthy. | D．The practice of the U.S. government. |
| A．children like its taste | B．people ignore its disadvantages |
| C．it contains more calcium than other foods | D．the calcium in it can build up bone strength |
| A．bone strength is determined by many factors |
| B．people’s diets shouldn’t contain animal protein |
| C．the opinion of the PCRM will soon be accepted |
| D．people should turn to vegetables for calcium |
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