Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（减轻）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound. Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders. So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual (礼仪) to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body.
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics (道德). Among other things, it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this classic thesis, On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air and food. Interesting enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.
1.The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.
A. the first sentence of the paragraph
B. the second sentence of the paragraph
C. the third sentence of the paragraph
D. the last sentence of the paragraph
2.Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases?
A. Because magic was an inseparable part of their life.
B. Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body.
C. Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits.
D. Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits.
3.Considering Hippocrates’ background, we can see from the second paragraph that ________.
A. he was the forefather of modern medicine
B. experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him
C. he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts
D. experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived
4.All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPT ________.
A. helping patients
B. keeping oneself from harming patients
C. keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients
D. obeying rules for modern medicine practice
5.Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Doctor’s concerns remain unchanged.
B. Medicine comes from nature.
C. Environment affects health.
D. Climate determines lifestyle.
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.D
5.C
【解析】
试题分析：尝试理解社会行为和健康的关系有着历史渊源。原始人依靠本能来保持健康，但由于他们对人体的机能尚不了解，于是就把疾病和健康与神灵联系在了一起。古希腊医学家希波克拉底对医学做出了很大的贡献。
1.第一段第一句“Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history.”是第一段的主题句，第一段讲的是古人对健康的了解和看法，故选A。
2.根据第一段“Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders.”可知，原始人对人体的功能了解不多，于是就把疾病与巫术练习了起来，故选B。
3.根据“Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name.”可知，关于希波克拉底，人们知道的很少，除了知道他是希腊人，生活在公元前400年，故选D。
4.根据“he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship”可知，A、B、C都是希波克拉底誓言里面的内容，故选D。
5.根据“human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors”可知，最后一段讲的是，环境与健康的关系，故选C。
考点：医学类短文阅读
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A. he spent the weekend with his family
B. be witnessed the whole process of fishing
C. he enjoyed the beauty of the calm sea
D. he experienced the rescue of the whales
The harbor survived the storm owing to __________.
A. the long coast line B. the shape of the harbor
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The mother whale failed to help her baby because __________.
A. the waves pushed her baby in the wrong direction
B. she had stayed in the polluted water for too long
C. the whirlpools she had made were not big enough
D. she had no other whales around to turn to for help
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A．comparing different ideas
B．giving explanations
C．inferring
D．listing typical examples
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A．be jealous of? ????????????? B．be satisfied with
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A．People are blind in idolizing stars.
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A. he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities
B. he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single
C. he finds more fun in dating than in marriage
D. he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement
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A. hatred B. misunderstanding ??? C. prejudice D. ignorance
3.What is the author trying to tell us?
A. Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain.
B. One must know how to attain happiness.
C. It is important to make commitments.
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1.A. difference B. research C. speech D. discovery
2.A. earn B. lack C. spend D. steal
3.A. experienced B. connected C. cooperated D. experimented
4.A. strikes B. flashes C. happens D. attempts
5.A. appeal B. request C. suggestion D. demand
6.A. story B. damage C. challenge D. material
7.A. call B. hold C. cheer D. pick
8.A. possession B. trouble C. place D. charge
9.A. plus B. without C. for D. before
10.A. process B. goal C. return D. concern
11.A. replied B. addressed C. driven D. brought
12.A. invitation B. apology C. complaint D. appreciation
13.A. discussing B. providing C. applying D. starting
14.A. enough B. extra C. no D. other
15.A. admitting B. relating C. buying D. waiting
16.A. positive B. shocked C. discouraged D. optimistic
17.A. doorway B. window C. home D. yard
18.A. unfamiliar B. unexpected C. unknown D. uncertain
19.A. in case B. now that C. even if D. rather
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Women who own cats are more likely to have mental health problems and kill themselves because they can be infected by a common parasite that can be caught from cat litter, a study has found.
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The infection, which is called toxoplasmosis(弓形虫病), has been linked to mental illness, such as schizophrenia(精神分裂症), and changes in behavior.
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Doctor Albert Reece, vice president of medical affairs at the University of Maryland, said, “T. gondii infection is a major public health problem around the world, and many people don’t realize they’re infected.
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Dr. Postolache’s research team at the University of Maryland was the first to report a connection between T. gondii and suicidal behavior in 2009. He is cooperating with researchers in Denmark, Germany and Sweden to confirm and investigate the way leading to this association.
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Not washing kitchen knives after preparing raw meat before handling another food item also can lead to infection. Pregnant women can pass the parasite directly to their unborn babies and are advised not to change cat litter boxes to avoid possible infection.
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Dr Postolache noted limitations to the study, such as the inability to determine the cause of the suicidal behavior.
The findings were published online in the Archives of General Psychiatry.
1.The objects of the research are women from _____.
A. Demark B. the USA C. Germany D. Sweden
2.The common way which is more likely to be infected with the disease is _____.
A. to eat unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat
B. to clean a place where a cat once lived for a time
C. to pass the infection to her unborn baby during a woman’s pregnancy
D. to reuse kitchen tools which have been used to cut raw meat
3.What is the consequence if a woman is infected with the parasite in the passage?
A. Having a high fever. B. Doing deliberate self-harm.
C. Keeping a depressed mood. D. Becoming bad tempered.
53.
4. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Women have a higher risk to be infected by the parasite than men.
B. The result of the research may help the scientists to find ways to stop suicide in advance.
C. The scientists will continue their research into the possible connection.
D. The risk of being infected seems to rise with the decreasing levels of the antibodies.
5.Which of the following statements would probably be the best title of the passage?
A. Why are women more likely to commit suicide?
B. Women should keep away from cats.
C. Ways found to deal with women’s mental problems.
D. Are women who own cats at a suicide risk?
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