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    Fish have different personalities which change as they experience life’s highs and lows．according to British biologists．
    Researchers identified different“personalities” in their fish by observing the boldness or shyness of individuals，according to The Nature．Like people，some fish are very confident in the face of novelty(新奇事物)or conflict；while others are silent and fear．
    The scientists selected particularly bold and shy rainbow trout，and tested whether they changed their outlook depending on what life threw at them．They arranged some fish to fight and others to  watch to  see how both the participants  and  observers  responded to victories  and defeats．Winning or losing a fight，or even watching fellow fish overcome the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures studied in the lab．
    The researchers made fish compete with much larger or smaller opponents．to ensure that they would win or lose their fights．These bold fish that won their fights tended to be even bolder when later presented with  a novel food  item；losing their fight caused them to be  much more cautious．
    Fish also learn by watching others．Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery object were much more nervous when later given a novelty item for themselves．
    Predictably，shy fish that won a fight also gained more confidence，but surprisingly，shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food，Sneddon said，adding that this could be due to what she calls a“desperado effect”(亡命徒效应)．
    The new research suggests that animals can gradually adapt their personalities．The results echo the effects that life experience can have on human．
    小题1:What does．the underlined word“creatures’’probably refer to?
    A．Fish．B．Participants．C．Observers．D．Researchers．
    小题2:The third paragraph of the text is mainly about—————．
    A．a conclusion of the research
    B．an explanation of fish characters
    C．a statement of the experiment
    D．a description of fish fights
    小题3:What can we know from the research?
    A．Bold losing fish become—e bolder when presented With a novel food item．
    B．Losing their fights causes the bold fish to be much more courageous．
    C．Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery get less nervous．
    D．Shy fish losing fights grow more confident in exploring new food．
    小题4:What’s the main idea of the text?’   
    A．Fish have stress in the fierce fights．
    B．Fish care about winning or losing a fight．
    C．Fish have adaptable personalities．
    D．Fish can learn a lot by watching others．

    小题1:A
    小题2:C
    小题3:D
    小题4:C

    试题分析：文章介绍了一项研究的发现，鱼在生活的起伏的时候性格是会变化的。文章具体介绍了研究的过程和结果。
    小题1:猜词题：这篇文章讲的是鱼的事情，creatures指的是fish。选A
    小题2:段落大意题：第三段讲的是科学家选了一些勇敢的或害羞的鳟鱼，看看赢和输对它们有什么影响。选C
    小题3:细节题：从第六段的句子：shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food，可知害羞的鱼在输了比赛后会更加有自信。选D
    小题4:主旨题：从文章的第一段的句子：Fish have different personalities which change as they experience life’s highs and lows．可知鱼在生活的起伏的时候性格是会变化的。选C
    点评：文章还是有些难度难度的，但只要抓住主旨和文章的结构，就很容易理解。在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，答案在文章中可以直接找到。要注意的往往是主旨题。提高概括能力。
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