Question

How do you design a pay plan that motivates people to do their best work? A new study by three Harvard researchers suggests a novel answer: Shortly after you hire new workers, give them a raise.
"Previous research has shown that paying people more than they expect may elicit reciprocity(相互作用) in the form of greater productivity," notes Deepak Malhotra, a Harvard business-administration professor who worked on the study. What he and his colleagues found, however, was that the connection between more pay and extra effort depends on presenting the increase "as a gift—that is, as something you've chosen to do purely as a nice gesture, with no strings attached."
Malhotra and his team studied 267 people hired by oDesk, a global online network of freelancers, to do a one-time data-entry project for four hours. All of the new hires were people in developing countries, for whom hourly wages of $3 and $4 were higher than what they had been making in previous jobs.
The researchers split the group up into three equal parts. One group was told they would earn $3 an hour. A second group was initially hired at $3 an hour but, before they started working, they got a surprise: The budget for the project had expanded unexpectedly, they were told, and they would now be paid $4 an hour. The third group was offered $4 an hour from the start and given no increase.
Even though the second and third groups were eventually paid the same amount, the second group worked harder and produced more—about 20% more—than either of the other two. People in the second group also showed the most stamina, maintaining their focus all the way through the assigned task and performing especially well toward the end of the four hours. Interestingly, the more experienced employees in the high-performing group were the most productive of all, apparently because their previous work experience led them to appreciate the rarity of an unexpected raise.
Contrary to conventional wisdom, Malhotra points out that higher pay, in and of itself, didn't promote productivity: People who made $4 an hour from the beginning worked no harder than those who were hired at $3 and were then paid $3.
To get the most impact from their pay plans, he adds, companies might consider not only what to pay new hires, but when to pay it.
"The key thing is how you present [the reason for an increase]," he says. Doling out extra money could promote productivity most "if you make it clear that the pay raise is something you're choosing to do just because you can. Our theory is that people will reciprocate. If you do something nice, they'll do something nice back."   
【小题1】What does the underlined word “stamina” most probably mean?

A．The quality of being intelligent or clever.

B．The quality of doing something difficult or dangerous.

C．The physical or mental energy needed to do a tiring activity for a long time.

D．A particular method of doing an activity, usually involving practical skills.

【小题2】Why did the second group produce more than the other two groups?

A．Because they thought they were better paid than the other groups.

B．Because they were experienced employees from developing countries.

C．Because an unexpected raise reminded them of their previous work.

D．Because they felt they were nicely treated and tried best to repay it.

【小题3】What can we infer from this passage?

A．No pains, no gains.

B．It matters not what we give but how.

C．Honesty is the best policy.

D．Actions speak louder than words.

Answer 1

【小题1】C
【小题2】D
【小题3】B

解析试题分析:如何设计一个能激励人们努力工作的加薪策略呢？在本文中作者介绍了一个新的调查研究。这项调查表明在雇佣了新工人不久后，给他们加薪是最为有效的策略。因为给人们意料之外的加薪会使他们心生感激，由此工作效率也会随之提高。
【小题1】C词义猜测题。根据该词后面的短语maintaining their focus all the way through the assigned task and performing especially well toward the end of the four hours.可知他们在长时间的工作中能做到全力投入，注意力能保持始终如一，由此判断该词意思是指“耐力”，答案选C。
【小题2】D细节理解题。根据第五段末句…… apparently because their previous work experience led them to appreciate the rarity of an unexpected raise.可以判断他们会因为感激意外获得的加薪而努力工作，故答案选D。
【小题3】B推理判断题。文章开头提出问题How do you design a pay plan that motivates people to do their best work?然后通过实验表明了不同的工资支付或者加薪方式会产生不同的结果，在通过文章最后总结性语言 "The key thing is how you present [the reason for an increase],"可以判断B选项正确。
考点：考查社会生活类短文阅读。