Question

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16^th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18^th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
【小题1】The kings of France and England in the 16^th century closed bath houses because      .

A．they lived healthily in a dirty environment

B．they thought bath houses were to dirty to stay in

C．they believed disease could be spread in public baths

D．they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease

【小题2】Which of the following best describes Henry IV’s attitude to bathing?________.

A．Afraid

B．Curious

C．Approving

D．Uninterested

【小题3】The underlined sentence in paragraph one is closest in meaning to __________.

A．Attitudes to dirt are different in different times

B．Nothing is fixed for the attitudes to dirt

C．Attitudes to dirt never change

D．There isn’t anything fixed for attitudes to dirt

【小题4】 How does the passage mainly develop?____________.

A．By providing examples	B．By making comparisons
C．By following the order of time	D．By following the order of importance

【小题5】What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?___________.

A．To stress the role of dirt

B．To introduce the history of dirt

C．To call attention to the danger of dirt

D．To present the change of views on dirt

Answer 1

【小题1】C
【小题2】A
【小题3】A
【小题4】C
【小题5】D

解析【小题1】细节题,从第二段的as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.可知他们认为公共浴室会传染疾病。选 C。
【小题2】细节推理题，从第二段的Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.说明他很害怕洗澡。选A。
【小题3】猜测句意：there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.这里fix是确定的意思，在根据全文对灰尘的态度是在变的，所以选A。
【小题4】归纳题：从文章提到的几个时间：In the early 16^th century /By 1538 /since the 18^th century可以看出这篇文章是以时间顺序写的。C
【小题5】主旨题，根据全篇文章和最后一段：Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.可见作者写作目的是想陈述对灰尘的不同的观点， D是正确的。