Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables(变量): language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To deal with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.
The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment lie in the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural differences. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from disappearing.
The other school suggests that companies must adjust business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia(近视) or even blindness.
Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your rivals, know your audience, and know your customer.
According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. Business diversity is not necessary.
B. All international managers can learn culture.
C. Most people do not know foreign culture well.
D. Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.
According to the author, the model of Pepsi .
A. is different from the model of McDonald’s .
B. reflect the idea that business is business.
C. has converged cultural differences .
D. shows the reverse of globalization .
The two schools of thought .
A. both think dealing with cultural environment is the most complicated problem in business
B. both admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world.
C. both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries.
D.both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual cultures.
This article is supposed to be most useful for those .
A. who have connections to more than one type of culture
B. who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversity
C. who want to run business in other countries
D. who want to travel abroad
科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：054
完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
The western world has always been divided into two types of people—the cool and the uncool. It is a division that 1 in school. The cool kids are good at 2 .They are 3 with the opposite sexお and are good-looking and people want to 4 their style. They can do their homework but they don’t make a big effort. That would 5 be cool.
The uncool kids are in the other corner of the playground. They are very bright, but they don’t have great 6 skills and they are 7 at sports. When they are not programming computers or doing calculus（微积分）in their heads, they are reading comic books and watching shows like the “X Files”. They are 8 as the geeks (做低级滑稽表演的人).
Here’s the news. The geeks are 9 . Make friends with them now or they will put virus in your computer and 10 your math homework to ruin. Geeks might not be popular at school, yet they do pass their examinations, and they might not be too popular at university, but 11 good degrees.
The most important 12 of the 21st century, computers and IT, has been at least partly created by geeks. Geek heroes like Bill Gates 13 others to follow their example. Being a geek is a way of earning good money. And the creation of the Internet gave them a 14 of their own to work and play in, making them a global 15 .Besides, the effect of the geeks 16 popular culture has started a new trend（趋势）. It is now cool to be 17 .Geek culture is becoming an important part of general popular culture, in which what you know is more important than 18 you look like.
But there are also 19 .Geeks were often bullied or laughed at in school. Now a geek may be your boss. Perhaps it is time for 20 .
1.A.continues B.makes C.remains D.starts
2.A.computers B.studies C.sports D.maths
3.A.pleasant B.popular C.crazy D.average
4.A.copy B.advance C.take D.act
5.A.not B.indeed C.perhaps D.actually
6.A.speaking B.operating C.social D.experimental
7.A.speechless B.sharp C.active D.hopeless
8.A.known B.referred C.thought D.admired
9.A.taking on B.taking up C.taking over D.taking in
10.A.put B.cause C.bring D.serve
11.A.win B.take C.wish D.finish
12.A.industry B.discovery C.progress D.development
13.A.promise B.discourage C.demand D.excite
14.A.chance B.space C.world D.career
15.A.force B.company C.organization D.department
16.A.of B.on C.in D.for
17.A.rich B.attractive C.handsome D.uncool
18.A.how B.that C.what D.how much
19.A.opportunities B.dangers C.possibility D.question
20.A.punishment B.argument C.competition D.employment
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014届吉林省高一下学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Fluency(流利) in another language is one of the most important aims of a newcomer to another country. In addition, understanding the culture and learning to communicate comfortably with people of that culture are as important as learning the rules of the language. Language learning and culture learning go together and may take a long time.?
Sometimes people feel that they understand a culture after a few weeks or months. People do learn a lot when they first begin living in another culture, but this is only the first stage of learning. It usually involves(含包) things like learning everyday activities and some basic customs.?
To really understand another culture, people have to go beyond the first stage, this is challenge(挑战) because it is often difficult to know what to learn. Much of what we call “culture” is hard to see.?
Culture is like an iceberg(冰川). Picture in your mind a huge iceberg in the ocean. The only part of the iceberg that you see is the tip. You don’t see the rest of the iceberg because it is hidden from sight in the water. It is easy to forget that it is there. Most of the iceberg is deep within the ocean, just as much of a culture is deep within its people.?
When you meet someone from another culture, certain culture differences are obvious: You hear another language or you hear your own language spoken with an accent. You see different foods, clothes and sometimes physical characteristics of people. You observe new customs or habits, such as the use of chopsticks, and, bowing or kissing on both cheeks as a greeting. These differences are interesting and important, but they are usually not too difficult to understand. They are visible so they are seen easily and quickly.?
The part of culture that is like the underwater part of the iceberg consists of assumptions(设想), communication styles, values, and beliefs about what is right and wrong. The hidden part of culture affects much of a person’s way of thinking and communicating. It is the meaning behind his or her verbal (言语的) and nonverbal language. Learning to communicate well with people from another culture involves becoming aware of the hidden part of culture.
1.What’s the subject of this passage?
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A．Learning about culture. |
B．Language learning. |
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C．The hidden part of the iceberg. |
D．Fluency in another language. |
2.What is learning about culture?
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A．Learning the hidden part of the iceberg, which is underwater. |
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B．Learning everyday activities and some basic customs. |
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C．Learning the culture of an iceberg. |
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D．Learning the visible as well as the hidden differences of culture. |
3.The underlined phrase “consists of” can be replaced by “______”.
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A．lies in |
B．is made up of |
C．agrees with |
D．is different from |
4.What conclusion can we draw after reading this passage?
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A．Values and beliefs are like the tip of the iceberg. |
|
B．People often become aware of the hidden part of culture. |
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C．The tip of the iceberg is larger than the hidden part. |
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D．The hidden part of culture has a great effect on people’s communication styles. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010-2011学年安徽省高三上学期第一次月考英语卷 题型：阅读理解
The Chinese word “Shanzhai” means a small mountain village, but now it becomes an accepted name for fakes （假货） after “Shanzhai Cellphones” produced by small workshops in southern China became popular in the mainland market over the past two years．
Besides “Shanzhai” has electronic products, there are “Shanzhai” movies, “Shanzhai” stars and even a “Shanzhai” Spring Festival Gala, a copy of the 25-year-old traditional show presented by CCTV on Chinese Lunar New Year’s Eve．
“Shanzhai” has become a culture of its own, symbolizing anything that imitates something famous．The phenomenon has caused a public debate over whether it is healthy or sick being a copycat．
In southwestern China’s Chongqing Municipality, a “Shanzhai” version “Bird’s Nest” woven by farmers with bamboo attracts wide attention and the “Shanzhai” version “Water Cube” is popular with tourists too．Both are copies of the famous Olympics buildings in Beijing．
Xie Xizhang, a literature critic, said that taking the “Shanzhai” Gala as an example, when the traditional CCTV program becomes less and less attractive to the audience, the “Shanzhai” version appears naturally to attract people．“In spite of its poor techniques and operation, ‘Shanzhai’culture meets the psychological demands of common people and could be a comfort to their minds,” Xie said．
Tian Huiqun, a professor at Beijing Normal University, said that “Shanzhai” culture never copies classic things, only trendy products．In that sense, it’s like a computer virus, multiplying without meaning．
Though controversial, “Shanzhai” culture is becoming a widely accepted phenomenon．
To the mainstream culture, the rise of “Shanzhai” culture is a challenge as well as a motivation, said Xie．Tian said different kinds of cultures developing together is an ideal situation and it is for the public to choose．
1.The Chinese Word“Shanzhai”may have its origin in _________．
A．fake cellphones B．electronic products
C．Spring Festival Gala D．Olympics buildings
2.The underlined word “imitates” is closest in meaning to _______．
A．steals B．copies C．advertises D．cheats
3.According to the passage, “Shanzhai” culture refers to ________．
A．The action that a person imitates famous people
B．anything that imitates something famous
C．those similar names to famous brand
D．products with poor techniques and quality
4.We can infer that the mainstream culture ________．
A．will be held back by “Shanzhai” culture
B．will sooner or later be replaced by “Shanzhai”culture
C．may develop faster because of the challenging of “Shanzhai”culture
D．thinks nothing of the challenge of “Shanzhai”culture
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010年山西省高一上学期学段考试英语卷 题型：阅读理解
“If I had one million yuan, I would buy you a palace! Do I have one million yuan? No, I don’t! so I only can spend ten fen(分) on this short message, sending you my best wishes! ”
Today, SMS—Short Message Service is popular, and China Mobile says that every second, there are 410 messages being sent.
Look around you! People are watching their mobiles, smiling or laughing. Thumbs are pressing buttons, bring happiness to their friends. The humor of the words shows how beautiful language is! Through SMS, we know the weather report, share jokes and news, express love and friendship.
“Thumb Culture” is becoming more and more popular. It is reported that 67% of young people like to “Short” to greet each other. Internet SMS will provide more convenience to people. I am grateful for the progress because SMS saves me much money. Just on the tip of thumb, so much joy can be found!
1.The first paragraph is a(n) __________.
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A．e-mail. |
B．short message. |
C．piece of news. |
D．story. |
2.What can people do through SMS?
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A．Buy a palace. |
B．Provide food. |
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C．Learn foreign language. |
D．Send messages. |
3.The people are smiling and laughing when sending messages because they_________.
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A．save much money. |
B．know the weather report. |
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C．enjoy the happiness of SMS. |
D．have one million yuan. |
4.The writer thinks that_________.
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A．SMS helps people a lot. |
B．people can find joy on the Internet. |
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C．greeting can cost much money. |
D．thumb has become a kind of culture. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届度北京市高一下学期期中考试英语试题 题型：信息匹配
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。（每小题2分，满分10分）
76 Spanish people drink coca cola, wear blue jeans, watch Hollywood movies, listen to American music, and eat fast food, and they do all these things daily.
I think that Aerican movies are a good way to spread American culture because people are often influenced by what they see in the movies. Most of the entertainment programs and documentaries we watch on TV are from America, and most of the movies we go to are made in Hollywood.
77 Now, in our cinemas, at least twenty percent of the movies which are shown must be from Spain or from country of the European Community.
American culture is very much a part of Spanish life. It's certain that many things from America are as much a part of their lives as Spanish things. For example, coca cola is as familiar to everybody as any typical Spanish product. 78
However, it’s different with western fast food. For example, I don’t think McDonald’s is as successful in Spain as it is in other countries. In my opinion, one of the reasons may be the life style of the Spanish people 79
On the other hand, it may be that McDonald’s hamburgers will eventually replace the famous Spanish tapas. It’s true that in every city in Spain you can find a McDonald’s, and they are more popular among the Spanish children than among the adults. 80
A. In any case, it’s obvious that American culture is more and more a part of our lives every day.
B. The Spanish people usually go out to eat.
C. I’ve known coca cola my whole life.
D. The spanish people normally eat at home
E. In the past few years, our country has brought in many American movies.
F. In the past few years, the government has tried to protect Spanish movies.
G. The influence of America is increasing in my country.
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