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    A political scientist from Indiana University whose work exploring how people come together to preserve their collective resources may provide important clues in the fight against climate change has become the first woman to win the Nobel prize for economics.
    Elinor Ostrom, 76, shares 2009 Nobel prize with fellow American academic Oliver Williamson, 77. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced to the world the pair had been chosen to win the 40th prize in economic sciences.
    For Ostrom, the award came, as a "big surprise". To rise to the peak of her area of learning has been a big journey, as she has had to struggle against her own weaknesses and the barriers of the system. At school in Los Angeles, she suffered from stuttering. She also faced the barriers common to most women of her generation entering the sciences --- she was discouraged from taking a PhD when she applied for graduate school.
    Her field of study has been striking for how cross-disciplinary it is. Early on she gained a reputation for bringing economics, political science and sociology together.
    What interests her is how common property can be managed successfully through groups in society. The findings of her research have been striking, as the Nobel committee pointed out, because they have challenged the traditional assumption that common property is poorly managed unless it is either controlled by government or privatized. She has shown how different individuals can band together and form collectives that protect the resource at hand.
    “A lot of people are waiting for more international co-operation to solve global warming.” Ostrom said , “It is important that there is international agreement, but we can be taking steps at family level, community level, civic and national level … There are many steps that can be taken. That will not solve it on their own but continuously will make a big difference.”
    （1）How did Ostrom feel when she got the prize?  (not more than 3 words)
    （2）What does “cross-disciplinary” mean according to the passage?  (not more than 9 words)
    （3）Why was Ostrom advised not to take a PhD when she applied for graduate school?  (not more than 9 words)
    （4） Why was Ostrom awarded the Nobel prize for economics?  (not more than 16 words)

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：完形填空


    PART FOUR  WRITING
    SECTION A
    Directions: Read the following passage. Complete the diagram by using the information from the passage.
    Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
    As a parent you may realize the importance education has in our lives, however, your child hates listening to any of your arguments, thoughts and ideas. A student uninterested in education will miss college lectures and perform extremely poorly in assessment tests. In the worst cases, students may stop attending the school or college and sit at home without any concern for career, education and life. In order to encourage the students back to their college life and career, parents should first find out what causes the lack of motivation in students.
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    Lack of love at home can also result in the lack of motivation in students. If the parents are away from the kids or students and they’re unaware of what their kid is doing in school, then the child feels neglected and steps back from taking responsibilities and challenges.
    Constant poor performance lowers the self-confidence of the student and the student will feel lost in the crowd of brilliant students. Such academic pressures can make students lose their motivation.
    Nothing can be a better motivation for students than their teachers and parents. Schools should organize motivation activities for students, like games, sports and competitions, which are important for the whole personality development of the students. Involve them in some activities like dancing, music etc. that they are interested in, so that they can learn new hobbies and increase their confidence. You should stop ignoring your child’s studies and do understand his need to be heard. In short, lack of motivation in students can be completely reduced if the parents and teachers understand the kid and support him / her to break any of his / her negative patterns of thought.
    Title     (71) ___________in Students
     
    Effects
    		● Making students miss college lectures and get (72) __________ in tests
    ● Making students drop out of school and sit at home without caring about career, education and life
     
    (73)_______
    		 
    Low self-respect
    		Quitting challenges
    Losing (74) _________ due to negative thinking patterns
    Lack of love at home
    		Feeling neglected and refusing to take
    (75) _________           
    (76) _____________
    		Being less self-confident due to constant poor performance
     
    (77)_______
    		● Organizing motivation activities for students to (78) _______ the personality .
    ● Making students learn new hobbies and increase their confidence in activities
    ● Being (79) _____ about your child’s studies and understanding his need to be heard
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    		Motivate students by understanding them and supporting them to break their negative (80) ___________

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

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    Want to find out if contact with nature improves your outlook on life? Try a few of these ideas.
    Hang out a bird feeder and watch the birds that visit it.
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    Take a walk right after a rainstorm. What looks different? Smells different?
    Go barefoot on a sandy beach.
    Open the curtains and the window, if the weather allows it.
    On a windy day, watch the trees.
    Go to a creek, river or park fountain. Listen to the sound of water in motion.
    Camp out in the backyard or at a nearby state park. Use a tent or sleep on the ground.
    Find a wide-open space to study the stars. Learn about the different constellations (星座).
    Raise a garden. Or plant some seeds in a flowerpot.
    Go hiking with your family. Talk about all of the colors you see in nature.
    Take a camera and capture your nature experience.
    小题1:From Paragraph 2 we can learn that ______.
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    C．prisoners should often get out of prison to come into contact with nature
    D．contacts with nature are very helpful for hospital patients
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    A．it can help us feel relaxed
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    C．people have lived with nature for thousands of years
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    B．hear birds sing and watch ants work
    C．talk about the colors we see in natureD．capture our experience in nature
    小题4:From the passage, we can learn that ______.
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    B．you can know all the colors only by going hiking
    C．nature is quite important to usD．walking in a rainstorm can be very helpful
    小题5:What is the best title of the passage?
    A．Go hiking with your family.B．Let nature nurture you.
    C．Visit your doctor less.D．Watch the trees more often.

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：完形填空


    第二节、完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）
    阅读下面的短文，然后从文章后面所给的各个选项中选出一个最佳答案，
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    Some years ago, an American policeman found a woman lying near a lonely road．She did not appear to have   16  , but she was trembling and clearly in a state of shock, so he rushed her to the  __17 __hospital．She began to tell the doctor on duty a story which was   18__ in all respects．She had been __ 19  along a country road __ 20  she had been stopped by a flying saucer   21  in front of her．She had been forced to leave the car and   22_  the flying saucer by creatures which looked like human beings and which could easily make themselves   23_ although they could not __ 24__  They could read her thoughts and she could read   25  They tested her politely and allowed her to  26  after carrying out a number of tests on her．As she otherwise seemed to be __ 27  , the doctor decided that she was probably suffering from the side effects of some medicine．The woman insisted on being   28  to go home, but when she gave her address, it was in a town over a thousand miles from the _ 29  The police then started to make inquiries(打听)and soon ___30_  that there was already a __ 31_  going on for the woman．   32 _ husband badly reported that she had   33  ．Her car had been found with the driver's door open and the engine running．   34__ the car, the surface of the road had been completely destroyed, not by an explosion or anything of that kind, but   35  a large, round, white, hot object had burnt through it.
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    17．A．most famous      B．most expensive       C．best         D．nearest
    18．A．funny              B．sad                C．moving        D．astonishing
    19．A．driving            B．walking           C．running       D．wandering
    20．A．as                 B．since               C．when       D．if

    2,4,6

     
    21．A．rising           B．flying           C．running       D．landing

    22．A．enter              B．visit            C．watch          D．see
    23．A．noticed            B．seen            C．understood       D．heard
    24．A．move           B．think            C．read        D．speak
    25.A．their             B．theirs           C．her         D．hers
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    30．A．decided           B．believed           C．supposed      D．discovered
    31．A．discussion         B．search              C．movement    D．meeting
    32．A．which              B．when            C．whose          D．where
    33．A．disappeared        B．fled              C．returned       D．hanged
    34．A．Behind             B．In front of          C．Below       D．At the foot of
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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解

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    Where does this "super-human strength" , courage and quick thinking come from? Experts say it comes from stress! In stressful situations, the body releases chemicals that prepare it to take action．These chemicals give people the speed and strength they need to fight danger or run away from it．
    When we think of stress, we usually think of its negative effects．Studies, though, show that moderate levels of stress are actually helpful．In fact, the way we perform is usually affected by the amount of stress we feel．Stress causes the brain to release adrenaline （肾上腺素）which in turn increases our energy and excitement．The chemical gives us clearer minds and helps us to do more．This is why some people say they work better under a deadline．Adrenaline that is not released for long periods of time can cause us to be bored and lazy. So some stress actually increases and strengthens our abilities instead of weakening them. We sometimes turn out our very best work when we push ourselves to the limit．Stress can also make us more confident．Handling small amounts of stress now prepares us for handling serious situations in the future．Who knows? Today's stress may even prepare us for the next polar bear that comes along!
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    A．tell people females also have enough strength to fight with a bear
    B．show us how much the mother loves her children
    C．set an example to us about how to deal with danger
    D．illustrate to us stressful situations can make us stronger
    61．What does the word “it” underlined in the second paragraph refer to?
    A．released chemical               B．the body   
    C．stress                  D．strength
    62．What will the author probably continue to write in the paragraph that follows?
    A．How to deal with a bear when you meet with it unfortunately.
    B．Why we need small stress in life.
    C．Tips for a person to develop his ability of dealing with stress.
    D．When the brain releases adrenaline.

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解


    Most of us were taught that generosity (慷慨) is about giving freely, and putting others’ needs before our own. Although there is nothing wrong with this definition, it remains somewhat incomplete. To think of generosity only in terms of giving can limit us.
    Being truly generous is also about being open to receiving graciously （落落大方地） from others. Allowing others to “give” to us whether it may be a compliment, emotional support or even material help in times of need is, interestingly, the same act of kindness as trying our best to give to others.
    Besides, we need to be aware that giving can sometimes be a thinly disguised (伪装的) power trip! It’s time we began to understand generosity as a kind of two-way street.
    With all the talk about how “selfish” we are today, it’s pretty amazing to see how many people have real difficulty being able to receive.
    There may be at least four reasons why people have trouble receiving. Maybe they simply haven’t learned how to graciously receive a gift or help from others. Or it could be that they don’t want to feel under obligation to the giver. It’s also possible that they consider receiving a weakness, and want to always come across as the strong part of a relationship; to receive, for some, is to admit that they have needs, or are weak, and they find this very hard. Or perhaps, most sadly, they don’t feel they deserve what they receive.
    Unfortunately, all of these reasons put the focus on the receiver rather than on the joy of the person giving the gift. But it helps to recall the joy we feel when we ourselves give and to allow others opportunities for experiencing the same joy.
    67. The author thinks that receiving _____.
    A. is more important than giving                       B. is seldom seen in our daily life
    C. means as much as giving does                        D. limits us more than giving
    68. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that people usually believe that giving _____.
    A. is the obligation of the rich                           B. shows the giver’s powerfulness
    C. determines people’s relationship                     D. usually needs to be taught
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    A. mainly because of their own personality
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    70. What would be the best title for the passage?
    A. Generosity: a two-way street
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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解


    Exposure to the radio frequently fields（射频场）generated by mobile phones does not cause head pain or increase blood pressure, according to a Norwegian study. Instead, people
    who experience such symptoms（征兆）do so because they expect that they will occur, the findings suggested.
    Dr Gunnhild Oftedal and colleagues at the Norway University of Science and Technology in Trondheim experimented on 17 subjects who “ regularly experienced pain or discomfort in the head during or shortly after mobile phone calls lasting between 15 and 30 minutes.”
    The participants were tested during mobile phone radiofrequency exposure and sham exposure（假性辐射）, without knowing which sessions was which. Each session lasted 30 minutes. and 65 pairs of trials were conducted.
    As reported in the medical magazine Cephalalgia, the subjects said they felt an increase in pain or discomfort during 68 per cent of all trials. The degree of not associated with the order of trials.
    The researchers observed no significant correlations between actual exposures and the subjects’ reports of symptoms, and no effects of exposure on changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
    Oftedal’s team concludes that the most likely explanation for the headaches and discomfort reported by the subjects “is that the symptoms are due to negative expectations.”
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    A. they have merely imaginary expectations
    B. some symptoms just occur in their body
    C. there are negative effects produced by mobiles
    D. radiofrequency generated by mobiles is too high
    68. Which word in the report refers to the same as the underlined word “subjects”?
    A. researchers     B. symptoms     C. trials    D. participants
    69. Dr Gunnhild Oftedal and his colleagues _______.
    A. find effects of exposure on changes in heart rate or blood pressure
    B. test the participants in two different situations
    C. feel an increase in pain or discomfort during most trials
    D. conclude that the symptoms do result from the radiofrequency fields
    70. We can infer from the report that _____.
    A. Dr Gunnhild Oftedal and his colleagues are strongly against the use of mobiles
    B. the subjects share the same discomfort in both mobile radiofrequency exposure and sham exposure
    C. the subjects are told in advance which section they will be in and which order they will follow
    D. Dr Gunnhild Oftedal and his colleagues fail to find the side effects caused by exposure to the radiofrequency fields

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解


    第三部分阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
    请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
    Marco Polo was born in Venice in 1254．He was the most famous Westerner to visit Asia during the Middle Ages．He wrote a book about his travels．In his book he wrote about all the things he saw and heard．Many people read the book, but few believed what Marco Polo said．He spoke of strange people and places that nobody knew about at that time．But, he even said, “What I have written down is only half of what I have seen．”
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    A. About Venice．                                    B. About the Chinese emperor．
    C. About what he saw and heard in Asia．   D. About how he returned home．
    57、What did Marco Polo learn Chinese for?
    A.To become a Chinese official．       
    B.To become the Chinese emperor’s friend．
    C.To become a translator for his father.
    D. To travel around conveniently in China．
    58、Which is NOT true according to the text?
    A. Marco Polo and his father had been in China for 17 years．
    B. Marco Polo and his father spent nearly 5 years returning home．
    C. Marco Polo’s father died on the way home．
    D. Marco Polo spent more than three years traveling from Venice to China．
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    A.he only saw half of the country during his stay in China        
    B.there were still a lot more he couldn’t write down
    C. half of the people went to China during that time
    D. he wanted to write down the other half of what he saw in China

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    科目：高中英语 来源：不详 题型：阅读理解


    Everyone knows the story of Benjamin Franklin’s famous kite flight. He was a man of many talents and interests. His natural curiosity about things and the way they work made him try to find ways to make them work better. Although he made important discoveries and advancements, Ben didn’t “invent” electricity. He did, however, invent the lightning rod which protected buildings and ships from lightning damage.
    In colonial America, most people warmed their homes by building a fire in a fireplace even though it was kind of dangerous and used a lot of wood. Ben figured that there had to be a better way. His invention of an iron furnace stove allowed people to warm their home less dangerously and with less wood. The furnace stove that he invented is called a Franklin stove. Interestingly, Ben also established the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live more safely.
    As the postmaster, Ben had to figure out routes for delivering the mail. He went out riding in his carriage to measure the routes and needed a way to keep track of the distance. He invented a simple odometer and attached it to his carriage.
    In his old age, Ben retired from business and public service and wanted to spend his time reading and studying. He found, however, that his old age had made it difficult for him to reach books from the high shelves. Even though he had many grandchildren to help him, he invented a tool called a long arm to reach the high books. The long arm was a long wooden pole with a grasping claw at the end.
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    A. made his first invention using a kite
    B. made his living by delivering the mail
    C. set up some companies to help people to live better
    D. made a stove which used other fuels instead of wood
    69. The underlined word “odometer” in Paragraph 3 refers to something that ________.
    A. contains the mail                                                 B. shows the direction
    C. makes the carriage go fast                    D. records total miles covered
    70. Benjamin Franklin invented a long arm in order to _________.
    A. replace his disabled arm
    B. play games with his grandchildren
    C. get books from the bookshelf more easily
    D. clean and tidy his house and the bookshelf
    71. The last paragraph mainly wants to tell us that _____________.
    A. Ben was the most famous inventor.
    B. other inventors learned a lot from Ben.
    C. Ben’s spirit of inventing remain with us.
    D. thinkers are more likely to become inventors

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