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    4．Geography is an important tool for learning and understanding history．Geography affects history-just look at the changes in world geography over recent years．Governments change，and （41）Acountries were born．Many countries no longer have the same names they （42）Aeven five years ago．Climate changes （43）Aevents such as droughts（干旱） and floods that cause lots of loss of life and the movements of people from one place to another in search of（44）D．Environmental changes can change the entire （45）Bof a community or region．
    As with history，children have a natural interest in（46）D．Watch a group of children playing in the sand．One child makes streets for his cars，（47）Aa second child builds houses along the（48）B．A third scoops out a hole and（49）Dthe dirt to make a hill，then pours water in the（50）Cto make a lake，using sticks for （51）B．The children name the streets，and（52）Cmay even use a watering can to make（53）Dthat washes away a house．They may not realize it，（54）Athese children are learning some core features（核心特征）of geography-how people interact with the Earth，how climate（55）Bland，and how places（56）Aeach other through the movement of things from one place to another．Turning to maps or globes，when we talk with our children about vacation plans，events（57）Baround the world or historical events，we teach them a great deal about geography．Not only can such activities help our children learn how to use key reference tools，（58）Aover time，they help them form their own mental maps of the world，which allows children to better organize and（59）Cinformation about other people，places，times and（60）D．Such activities also help our children learn to how to work together in the future．
    41．A．newB．someC．manyD．old
    42．A．didB．doC．areD．have
    43．A．bring aboutB．come aboutC．take placeD．happen
    44．A．relativeB．safeC．helpD．safety
    45．A．peopleB．historyC．natureD．housing
    46．A．climateB．buildingC．environmentD．geography
    47．A．whileB．butC．andD．so
    48．A．pathsB．streetsC．railwayD．ways
    49．A．makesB．createC．pullD．uses
    50．A．houseB．streetC．holeD．hill
    51．A．housesB．bridgesC．streetsD．road
    52．A．weB．heC．theyD．workers
    53．A．cloudyB．coverC．snowD．rain
    54．A．butB．andC．yetD．still
    55．A．effectsB．affectsC．affectD．influence
    56．A．relate toB．concernedC．involvingD．refer to
    57．A．to happenB．happeningC．happenD．happened
    58．A．butB．andC．besidesD．so
    59．A．writeB．readC．understandD．know
    60．A．weatherB．historyC．climateD．events

    分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了地理是学习和理解历史的工具．

    解答 41-45AAADB   46-50DABDC  51-55BCDAB   56-60ABACD
    41．A．考查形容词辨析．根据句意可知政府改变了，新的国家诞生了；故选A．
    42．A．考查动词辨析．did 在这里代替have又因为后面有过去的时间状语所以用过去时；故选A．
    43．A．考查动词短语辨析．bring about引起；come about发生；take place发生；happen发生，根据后文events such as droughts（干旱） and floods 可知后面三者不跟宾语；故选A．
    44．D．考查句意理解．人们迁徙的目的是寻找安全，又因为介词短语后需用名词；故选D．
    45．B．考查名词辨析． 由于人们的迁徙而改变了一个社区的历史；故选B．
    46．D．考查名词辨析．根据下文"They may not realize it，but these children are learning some core features of geography-how people interact with the Earth，how climate affects land，and how places relate to each other through the movement of things from one place to another"这是学生对地理感兴趣；故选D．
    47．A．考查句意理解．这里表示前后是对比关系，只有while有这种用法；故选A．
    48．B．考查名词辨析．根据"One child makes streets for his cars"可知这里指沿着街道建造房子，故选B．
    49．D．考查动词辨析．根据make a hill可知这里是短语use sth to do用某物来做某事；故选D．
    50．C．考查名词辨析． 根据上文A third scoops out a hole和下文make a lake可知用泥土造一座山，讲水倒在洞里；故选C．
    51．B．考查名词辨析．根据上文make a lake可以推知孩子们要修建桥，故选B．
    52．C．考查名词辨析．根据The children name the streets可知这里用代词代替The children，故选C．
    53．D．考查名词辨析．根据后面的定语that washes away a house．可知是雨水，故选D．
    54．A．考查连词辨析．根据"They may not realize it"后面应是转折；故选A．  
    55．B．考查名词辨析．根据"how people interact with the Earth"，相互影响，故选B．
    56．A．考查动词辨析．通过地球的运动各个地方之间有关联；故选A．
    57．B．考查动词辨析．因为这里需用非谓语动词，events 和happen 只能用主动，happen没有被动形式，现在分词表主动，故选B．
    58．A．考查连词辨析．根据"Not only can such activities help our children learn how to use key reference tools"not only…but（ also）对应的连词；故选A．
    59．C．考查动词辨析．只有理解了才能更好的去组织整理信息；故选C．
    60．D．考查名词辨析．根据Such activities also help our children learn to how to work together in the future"可知这可以帮助孩子更好的理解和组织其他的信息，地点时间和时间；故选D．

    点评 考察学生的推理判断能力和联系上下文的能力，在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．此类的填空题一定要联系上下文，根据上下文的内容加上自己的理解，再作出正确的判断

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    Kids can also talk to grown-ups about（45）A．Ask what the last good movie they saw was，because people at dinner parties"（46）B"when the conversation turns to movies，Ursiny says．If a grown-up is（47）CHarry Potter，it's OK to talk about your love for Harry．It's a（n） （48）A topic，one that both grown-ups and kids can enjoy，so（49）Cand talk about whether Dumbledore is really dead．
    But（50）Bthe topic of video games．"Adults don't want to hear about your video game  （51）B they play it，"Ursiny explains．
    Adults also don't want to hear slang（俚语）．Don't use language they don't （52）C．Ursiny says kids should learn to speak to other people in their own language．（53）Amost adults aren't into slang，they do remember what it was like to be a kid．Ursiny recommends asking adults what（54）B was like when they were your age．"It might be a fun discussion if you （55）Byour 10th-grade experience with theirs．"（56）Ayou chat with your parents in advance to find out which topics are off-limits （禁区）．
    Also，don't chat about the things that make your parents feel guilty．Don't mention （57）Cstuff such as how Dad has been sleeping on the couch，Ursiny says．And don't complain that Mom has been late preparing breakfast．
    （58）B，Ursiny says，kids should try to put themselves in their parents'（59）A．Learning how to（60）Dthat type of understanding might help you out in the future．"The most successful people can develop a sympathetic feeling for others，"he says．

    41．A．exactB．seriousC．unfortunateD．wrong
    42．A．everythingB．somethingC．anythingD．nothing
    43．A．howB．whateverC．whyD．when
    44．A．importantB．interestingC．hardD．easy
    45．A．moviesB．mealsC．partiesD．hobbies
    46．A．look upB．light upC．make upD．keep up
    47．A．inB．onC．intoD．onto
    48．A．safeB．specialC．helpfulD．general
    49．A．hold outB．walk outC．go aheadD．turn around
    50．A．neglectB．avoidC．preventD．ignore
    51．A．whenB．unlessC．butD．because
    52．A．believeB．acceptC．understandD．agree
    53．A．WhileB．AsC．IfD．Since
    54．A．familyB．schoolC．societyD．nature
    55．A．showB．compareC．balanceD．match
    56．A．Make sureB．Pay attentionC．Watch outD．Take care
    57．A．incredibleB．terribleC．embarrassingD．personal
    58．A．HoweverB．InsteadC．ThereforeD．Yet
    59．A．shoesB．clothesC．conditionD．location
    60．A．produceB．shapeC．raiseD．develop

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