Question

   The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．

   The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．

   The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．

   To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．

   Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．

   “The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．

   The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(灵长类) before．

   Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．

   The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．

57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．

       A．found another dog was given nothing

       B．felt they were not treated equally

       C．were aware they received less food

       D．were given too much reward

58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?

       A．They would go on with the performance much longer．

       B．They would be too shy to present their paw．

       C．They would miss their partners．

       D．They would compare what they got with that of others．

59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．

       A．pay no attention to the type of reward

       B．only like to play interesting games

       C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded

       D．care more about how they are rewarded

60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?

       A．Animals’ various ways to show anger

       B．Dogs are more envious than man

       C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work

       D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay

Answer 1

57---60   DACD  

解析:

57．B考查细节理解。第一段说从第三段可知，当一只狗看见同伴因为和人握手得到奖赏而自己没有时，它就不愿意继续继续和人握手。由此推断，狗也有公平意识和嫉妒心理。

58．A考查细节理解。第四段说在另外一个实验中，狗们独自进行和人握手的动作而没有任何报酬，其行为持续的时间更长得多。由此判断选A，没有了这种不公平，它们就会继续这样做。

59．C考查推理判断。从第六、八段可知，狗和其他动物的区别是C，猴子和猩猩关注是否得到奖赏，也关注奖赏的种类。

60．D考查主题大意。全文介绍的主题是D，奥地利科学家发现，实验表明动物和人一样，也有公平意识，它们“不患寡，患不均”，一旦受到不公平的待遇就会消极怠工。