科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it.
1. Look up English to Elvish.
2. Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context（上下文） in Tolkien’s language dictionary.
3. Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc.
You cannot leave out any of these steps. If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors. Why you have to do step 2:
Languages never match up one- to-one. English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems. And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally（逐字地）. You have to understand the meaning behind each word.
In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced. Find the best one you can.
Consider the word “fair”. We tend to use it to mean “just”. Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”. In Elvish, these are two entirely different words. So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one.
Consider the nightmare（噩梦） of He left the bar. Is “left” the opposite of “right” （which also has two meanings） ? Is “bar” extruded steel（型材钢）, or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages.
And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together. You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere. Sometimes you need “me” or “my”. There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules.
It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”. A dictionary is a tool, a resource. but its entries（词目）should not be mistaken for a finished product. They are raw materials.
The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to .
A. consulting the dictionaries when translating between languages
B. finding out the true meaning in context
C. ignoring the rules of grammar
D. leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions
According to the author, you have to do step 2 because .
A. you have to understand the meaning behind each word
B. Elvish and English are quite different in forms
C. there are no baths or beds in public bathrooms
D. Elvish has some words which are hard to find
Grammar is also very important because it .
A. helps fit the words together
B. takes a while to learn a language
C. is a rule to obey
D. is often forgotten in translating
In the last paragraph, the author shows .
A. his impatience to those who insist their wrong translation is right
B. his puzzle to the questionable translation
C. the importance of the correct use of dictionaries
D. the mistaken entries in the dictionaries
The passage is mainly about how to .
A. learn a foreign language with a dictionary
B. avoid errors when looking up a dictionary
C. understand the meaning of a strange word
D. use a dictionary to translate between languages
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届安徽省黄山市高三第一次联考英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
It's not a new phenomenon, but have you noticed how many nouns are being used as verbs? We all use them, often without noticing what we're doing.
I was arranging to meet someone for dinner last week, and I said “I’ll pencil it in my diary”, and my friend said “You can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement not a tentative one!
Many of these new verbs are linked to new technology. An obvious example is the word fax. We all got used to sending and receiving faxes, and then soon started talking about faxing something and promising we'd fax it immediately. Then along came email, and we were soon all emailing each other madly. How did we do without it? I can hardly imagine life without my daily emails.
Email reminds me, of course, of my computer and its software, which has produced another couple of new verbs. On my computer I can bookmark those pages from the World Wide Web that I think I'll want to look at again, thus saving all the effort of remembering their addresses and calling them up from scratch. I can do the same thing on my PC, but there I don't bookmark; I favorite—coming from “favorite pages”, so the verb comes from an adjective not a noun.
Now my children bought me a mobile phone, known simply as a mobile and I had to learn yet more new verbs. I can message someone, that is, I can leave a message for them on their phone. Or I can text them, write a few words suggesting when and where to meet, for example. How long will it be before I can mobile them, that is, phone them using my mobile? I haven’t heard that verb yet, but I’m sure I will soon. Perhaps I’ll start using it myself!
【小题1】“I’ll pencil it in my diary” in the second paragraph probably means .
| A．it was a firm arrangement |
| B．he prefers a pencil to a pen |
| C．the arrangement should be written as a diary |
| D．it was an uncertain arrangement |
| A．favorited | B．messaged | C．emailed | D．texted |
| A．message | B．mobile | C．email | D．page |
| A．Technology and Language. | B．Development of the English language |
| C．New Technology and New words | D．New Verbs from Nouns |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010年陕西省临渭区高一下学期期末考试英语卷 题型：阅读理解
To the Editor,
I have been reading your newspaper, the Hometown Gazette, for the past two years, ever since I moved to Smithville. We moved here from New York City, so I am accustomed(习惯的) to reading excellent newspapers such as The New York Times . In fact, we still have the Times delivered on Sundays. The entire family enjoys reading the recipes（食谱） in the magazine, as well as the Styles section.
The Times is great, but the Gazette is another story. I’ve never read an article that doesn’t contain at least three or four spelling or grammatical errors. For instance, in last week’s issue you misspelled the word “secretary”, used a singular verb with a plural noun, and used “it’s” as a possessive (所有格). And that was just in the lead story! In case you never went to elementary school, “it’s” means “it is ”.It’s also a possessive adjective!
It’s a pity that this tiny little hick(乡下) town has only one newspaper, because I’d like to have an alternative(替换物) to the rag you publish. I find it hard to believe your news stories. If you can’t spell correctly. How can you get your facts right?
I’ve been meaning to get this off my chest for some time. Please cancel my subscription(订阅). And buy yourself a dictionary.
Sincerely,
Jane Z, Jones
【小题1】 Which phrase from the passage shows the writer’s prejudice(偏见)?
| A．get this off my chest |
| B．three or four spelling or grammatical errors |
| C．tiny little hick town |
| D．reading the recipes in the magazine |
| A．happy | B．angry | C．sympathetic(同情的) | D．objective |
| A．The writer once lived in New York City, so he was used to reading the Times. |
| B．The entire family enjoys reading the Styles section in the mafazine. |
| C．The writer has long been planning to express his dissatisfaction with the local newspaper |
| D．It is obvious that the editors of the newspaper are not very careful about their work. |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012-2013学年福建省罗源县第一中学高一第二次月考英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
Wendy Gallegos writes “concer” on the board. One of her students raises her hand.
“Ms. Gallegos, you should have written ‘conocer’ instead,” she said, referring to the Spanish verb for “to know.”
Gallegos looks at the board, smiles and quickly erases her mistake.
“You see, I have taught you so well, you pick up on my mistakes,” she said with a laugh.
To Gallegos, the scene in her classroom is typical（特有的）of the children she teaches. Gallegos teaches high school Spanish. She became part of their lives and families for three years. She is willing to help her children succeed. After a couple of years, Gallegos’ class becomes like home. Gallegos’ Spanish class is taught mostly in English in sixth grade. By the time the students are eighth-graders, they are speaking fewer words of English and more of Spanish during the 50-minute classes.
“My goal is to get my kids to say something in Spanish every day,” she said, “I want them to be able to talk to me. That’s why I help them, I praise them, I recognize them when they do good work. And we have fun. The day I stop having fun is the day I am going to consider a different job.’’
If a student needs help, Gallegos offers the student a “lifesaver,” which is help from a classmate. The lifesaver gets a piece of candy as a reward. As the students said: “Gallegos’ class is anything but boring.” It is because of Gallegos’ efforts and determination that she is the teacher who they think is most deserving of one of Collier County’s Golden Apple Awards.
“I don’t teach a subject, I teach kids. This is what I was born to do,” Gallegos said.
【小题1】The scene（情景）in Gallegos’ class is mentioned at the beginning of the passage to ____.
| A．show Gallegos, as a teacher, makes a mistake |
| B．tell teachers can help students correct mistakes. |
| C．show her good teaching method in daily class |
| D．point out the students’ impolite behavior in class |
| A．having fun is Gallegos’ goal in hunting jobs. | B．Gallegos likes her job very much |
| C．Gallegos is considering changing her job | D．teaching Spanish will not last long |
| A．Her interesting class. | B．Her determination in study. |
| C．Rewarding her students with prizes. | D．Her efforts made to teach kids. |
| A．This is what I was born to do | B．Golden Apple Awards |
| C．Spanish classes with fun | D．How to get along with kids |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2011-2012学年吉林省高三年级12月联考英语试题 题型：完型填空
完型填空（共20小题；每小题1．5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上涂黑。
When I was about five years old, I used to watch a bird in the skies of southern Alberta from the Blackfoot Blood Reserve in northern Montana where I was born．I loved this bird; I would 36 him for hours．He would 37 effortlessly in that gigantic sky, or he would come down and light on the 38 and float there beautifully．Sometimes when I watched him, he would not make a sound and liked to move 39 into the grasses．We called him meksikatsi, which in the Blackfoot language 40 “pink-colored feet”; meksikatsi and I became very good friends．
The bird had a very particular significance to me 41 I desperately wanted to be able to fly too．I felt very much as if I was the kind of person who had been born into a world where 42 was impossible．And most of the things that I 43 about would not be possible for me but would be possible only for other people．
When I was ten years old, something unexpected 44 my life suddenly．I found myself become an 45 child in a family I was not born into; I found myself in a 46 position that many native Americans find themselves in, living in a city that they do not understand at all, not in another culture but 47 two cultures．
A teacher of the English language told me that meksikatsi was not called meksikatsi, even though that is what 48 people have called that bird for thousands of years．Meksikatsi, he said, was really “duck”．I was very 49 with English．I could not understand it．First of all, the bird did not look like “duck”, and when it made a 50 , it did not sound like “duck”, I was even more 51 when I found out that the meaning of the verb “to duck” came from the bird．
As I 52 to understand English better, I understand that it made a great deal of 53 , but I never forgot that meksikatsi made a different kind of meaning．I 54 that languages are not just different words for the same things but totally different 55 , totally different ways of experiencing and looking at the world．
1.A．keep B．watch C．follow D．search
2.A．jump B．dive C．circle D．wander
3.A．nest B．hill C．water D．road
4.A．quickly B．naturally C．freely D．quietly
5.A．means B．reads C．shows D．states
6.A．though B．because C．while D．until
7.A．communicationB．imagination C．belief D．flight
8.A．dreamed B．worried C．knew D．argued
9.A．improved B．enriched C．changed D．ruined
10.A．educated B．adopted C．outgoing D．independent
11.A．weak B．comfortable C．terrible D．central
12.A．between B．against C．without D．beyond
13.A．most B．few C．their D．my
14.A．desperate B．bored C．uncomfortable D．disappointed
15.A．noise B．call C．decision D．choice
16.A．ashamed B．confused C．embarrassed D．frightened
17.A．tried B．came C．determined D．expected
18.A．evidence B．distinction C．profit D．sense
19.A．identified B．confirmed C．realized D．predicted
20.A．concepts B．regulations C．messages D．evaluations
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