Question

【题目】Directions: Complete the following passage by using the -words in the box. Each -word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. infections B. factors C. particularly D. separate E. seriously F. passive

G. mixtures H. significantly I. present J. negative K. exposed

Air pollution triggers (引发)more heart attacks than using cocaine and poses as high a risk of sparking a heart attack as alcohol, coffee and physical exertion, scientists said on Thursday. Anger, marijuana (大麻)use and chest or respiratory (与呼吸有关的) 【1】 can also trigger heart attacks to different extents, the researchers said, but air pollution, 【2】 in heavy traffic, is the major cause.

The findings, published in The Lancet journal, suggest population-wide 【3】 like polluted air should be taken more 【4】 when looking at heart risks, and should be put into context besides higher but relatively rarer risks like drug use. Tim Nawrot of Hasselt University in Belgium, who led the study, said he hoped his findings would also encourage doctors to think more often about population level risks.

Nawrot’s team combined data from thirty-six 【5】 studies and calculated the relative risk posed by a series of heart attack triggers and their population-attributable fraction (PAF)—in other words the proportion of total heart attacks estimated to have been caused by each trigger. “Of the triggers for heart attack studied, cocaine is the most likely to trigger an event in an individual, but traffic has the greatest population effect as more people are 【6】 to it,” the researchers wrote. “PAFs give a measure of how much disease would be avoided if the risk was no longer 【7】. ”

A report published late last year found that air pollution in many major cities in Asia exceeds the WHO’s air quality guidelines and that poisonous 【8】 of pollutants result in more than 530,000 earlier deaths a year. While 【9】 smoking was not included in this study, Nawrot said the effects of secondhand smoke were likely to be similar to that of outdoor air pollution, and noted previous research found that bans on smoking in public places have 【10】 reduced heart attack rates.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】A

【2】C

【3】B

【4】E

【5】D

【6】K

【7】I

【8】G

【9】F

【10】H

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。科学家于本周四称，空气污染引发心脏病的风险超过可卡因，与酒精、咖啡和体力活动一样高。研究人员说，愤怒、吸食大麻、胸部或呼吸道感染也会在不同程度上引发心脏病，但空气污染，尤其是交通拥挤时的空气污染，是主要原因。

【1】考查名词。句意：愤怒、吸食大麻、胸部或呼吸道感染也能不同程度地引发心脏病。根据句意可知应填infections“感染”。故选A。

【2】考查副词。句意：研究人员说，但是空气污染，尤其是交通拥挤时的空气污染，是主要原因。修饰下文介词短语应填副词particularly“尤其；特别是”。故选C。

【3】考查副词。句意：发表在Lancet杂志上的这一研究结果表明，在研究心脏风险时，应该更认真地考虑空气污染等全人口的因素，除了使用药物等较高但相对稀少的风险外，还应该把这些因素考虑进去。根据句意可知应填factors，“因素”。故选B。

【4】考查副词。句意：发表在Lancet杂志上的这一研究结果表明，在研究心脏风险时，应该更认真地考虑空气污染等全人口因素，除了使用药物等较高但相对较低的风险外，还应该把这些因素考虑进去。修饰动词take应用副词，故填seriously，“严肃地；认真地”。故选E。

【5】考查形容词。句意：Nawrot的团队综合了36项独立研究的数据，计算了一系列心脏病发作引发因素及其人口归因比率(PAF)所带来的相对风险，换句话说，即估计由每个诱因引发的心脏病发作总数所占的比例。studies为名词需要形容词修饰，故填separate“单独的；分开的”。故选D。

【6】考查动词。句意：研究人员写道:“在研究的引发心脏病发作的诱因中，可卡因最有可能引发个人的某个大事件，但交通对人口的影响最大，因为更多的人接触到它。”短语be exposed to“接触；遭受”。故填exposed。故选K。

【7】考查固定短语。句意: “PAFs给出了一个衡量标准，即如果不再存在这种风险，可以避免多少疾病。”根据句意可知表示“不再存在”短语为no longer present。故选I。

【8】考查名词。句意：去年年底发表的一份报告发现，亚洲许多主要城市的空气污染超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)的空气质量指导方针，有毒污染物混合物每年导致53万多人早死。poisonous为形容词修饰名词，故填mixtures。故选G。

【9】考查形容词。句意：虽然这项研究没有包括被动吸烟，但纳洛特说，二手烟的影响可能与室外空气污染的影响相似。他指出，之前的研究发现，在公共场所禁烟大大降低了心脏病发作的几率。短语passive smoking“被动吸烟；吸二手烟”，故选F。

【10】考查副词。句意：虽然这项研究没有包括被动吸烟，但纳洛特说，二手烟的影响可能与室外空气污染的影响相似。他指出，之前的研究发现，在公共场所禁烟大大降低了心脏病发作的几率。reduce为动词需要副词修饰，故填significantly“显著地；大大地”。故选H。