Question

Some years ago, a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together．Several minutes after her leaving, the men murdered a person working in the building．The police determined that the woman was the only witness and could possibly describe them．However, her memory of the men proved disappointingly unclear．Several days later, psychologist Ronald Fisher was brought in to obtain a more complete account from the woman．His interview produced a breakthrough—the woman reported a clear picture of one of the suspects．The important information enabled the police to arrest the suspect and close the case．
The police asked Fisher for help because of his rich knowledge in cognitive(认知) interview, a kind of memory - rebuilding process．Memory researchers have found that people trying to remember a past event often only recall part of the relevant information．Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress．But a person's accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques．The "cognitive interview" was developed in the late 1990s．It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions．The witness first describes what happened in his or her own words, with no interviewer interruptions．The interviewer then goes further with specific techniques, such as having the witness tell the details of what happened from different perspectives （角度） ．
The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques: thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events; reporting everything that connects to mind about those events, no matter how broken it is retelling events in a variety of time orders, such as from beginning to end, end to beginning, forward or backward; and adopting different perspectives while recalling events．
Experiments with police detectives trained in this demanding interview method find that they obtain nearly 50% more information from witnesses than before training, while error rates remain about the same．It is proved that cognitive interviews are quite important tools in improving the accuracy and completeness of witness testimony （证词）．
【小题1】The purpose of the passage is to _____．

A．give an account of a murder case.

B．introduce an idea of cognitive interview.

C．prove Fisher was an expert in cognitive interview.

D．help a witness to recall information in a cognitive interview.

【小题2】What is required to recall in a cognitive interview for a witness?

A．The exact time at which a murder took place．

B．The information about the event in the time order．

C．The important things that come to his or her mind．

D．The surroundings and feelings at the time of the event．

【小题3】The key point in a cognitive interview is that     .

A．the witness is encouraged to take part in recalling information.

B．the interviewer should interrupt the witness from time to time.

C．the interview should take place outside the police station.

D．the witness should recall details at the scene of the event.

【小题4】The underlined word "distorted" in the passage probably means " ____

A．arranged

B．balanced

C．changed

D．examined

Answer 1

【小题1】B
【小题2】D
【小题3】A
【小题4】C

解析试题分析：这篇文章通过一起刑事案件，介绍了认知会谈的实用性、科学性以及重要性。
【小题1】本文通过一起案件，介绍了认知会谈，故选B。
【小题2】根据The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques: thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events，故答案应为D。
【小题3】根据It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions．故选A。
【小题4】根据But a person's accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques．可猜出"distorted"的意思是被改变，扭曲的，故选C。
考点：科普环保类短文阅读理解
点评：本题型考查了对文章段落或某一板块的理解概括能力。先阅读问题，然后带着问题，再读全文，找出答题所需要的依据，完成阅读。在词义与句义理解的基础上，结合上下文总结归纳某一段或几段的大意，对于把握文章主旨，分析全文结构都是至关重要的。