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    Research shows that humans switch from selfish to unselfish behaviour when they are watched. Do you?
    A picture of a set of eyes on a computer screen can cause a change in the way people act. Even images of eyes on a charity donation, collection box encourage people to be unselfish, because people put more money in a collection box that has a picture of eyes on it than they do when a flower symbol is on the box.
    Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin, the authors of a new study, found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behaviour. Their report also referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it.
    It is not just humans that act unselfishly when they are being watched. A fish called the grooming fish cleans other fish. When other fish are around, it is gentler. When no other fish are around, however, the grooming fish bites chunks from the fish it is supposed to be cleaning.
    The researchers suggest that the best way to get people to behave in the correct way is to make them feel watched. This could be the reason for the success of a famous American army poster. On it was a picture of an elderly man staring fiercely and pointing, it appeared, to the person who was looking at the poster. Under the picture was the caption 'I Want You' It encouraged hundreds of thousands of young American men to join the army during the Second World War to fight the Germans and Japanese.

    1. 1.

      According to the report, why does a person behave better when he feels he is being watched?

      1. A.
        He does not want to be shamed by others.
      2. B.
        He needs to show he is a good person.
      3. C.
        He desires others to like him more.
      4. D.
        He feels he will receive some social reward.
    2. 2.

      What is the text mainly about?

      1. A.
        It describes changed behaviour when observed.
      2. B.
        It details ways to control people's behaviour.
      3. C.
        It tells how to make people work harder.
      4. D.
        It discusses different advertising methods.
    3. 3.

      Where would the study described in the text most likely be found?

      1. A.
        In a newspaper.
      2. B.
        In a scientific journal.
      3. C.
        In an advertising magazine.
      4. D.
        In a science textbook.
    DAB
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    The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their product’s obvious advantages．Furthermore，the advertising expense for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee．Efforts were made to find the cause of the users’ seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product．The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste．The producers doubt that there might be deeper reasons，however．This was supported by one of motivation research’s classic studies，one often cited in the trade．Mason Haire of the University of California constructed two shopping lists that were the same except for one item．There were six items common to both lists：hamburger，carrots，bread，baking powder，canned peaches，and potatoes，with the brands or amounts specified．The seventh item，in fifth place on both lists，read “lib．Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other．One list was given to each one in a group of fifty women，and the other list to those in another group of the same size．The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe，as far as they could，the kind of woman(personality and character)who would draw up that shopping list．Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner．On the other hand，only one woman in the other group described the housewife，who had included regular coffee on，her list was lazy; only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner．Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife！No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee．

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    A．

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