Question

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group，so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on

violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were two to four years old the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were five to nine years old. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group，the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

(   ) 4. According to the first study，we mainly know that        .

     A.   the game is called Prisoner's Dilemma

    B.   the less a group punished itself,the lower its earnings

    C.   adults are much more cooperative if rewarded

    D.   the game is introduced in the journal Science

(   ) 5.Which of the following is true according to the second study?

     A.  Children' s IQs has much to do with physical punishment.

    B.  The study is about violence and abuse of children.

    C.  The children tested were divided into groups of four.

    D.  Children' s mental development only relies on their IQs. 

(   ) 6. What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?

A. Punished.    B. Blamed.    C. Tested.    D. Praised.

(   ) 7. What might be the best title for the text?

     A.  The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

    B.  Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

    C.  Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

    D.  Punishment or Reward：Which Works Better on Behavior?

Answer 1

4. C细节理解题。选项A的游戏名称是错误的；选项B表述的结果正好相反；选项D讲的是其结果在《科学》杂志发表。从第二段的第一句可知应选C项。

5. A细节理解题。从最后一段第一句可知体罚对孩子的智商有很大影响；选项B说的是对孩子暴力虐待的研究，文章主题并非如此；选项C说的孩子四人一组，应是第一项研究的分组方式，第二项研究应是分成两组；选项D说的是孩子们的智力开发只靠他们的智商，与文章内容不符_c

6. A词义猜测题。从上下文判断，该词并非责备、测试或表扬的意思，应是"惩罚"的意思。

7. D主旨大意题。文章第一句话即为主题句。纵观全文，所做的两个研究主要是对比处罚和奖励对人们行为的影响。