5.Knots are the kind of stuff that even myths are made of.
In the Greek legend of the Gordian knot,for example,Alexander the Great used his sword to slice through a knot that had failed all previous attempts to unite it.Knots,enjoy a long history of tales and fanciful names such as"Englishman's tie,""and"cat's paw."Knots became the subject of serious scientific investigation when in the 1860s the English physicist William Thomson (known today as Lord Kelvin) proposed that atoms were in fact knotted tubes of ether(醚).In order to be able to develop the equivalent of a periodic table of the elements,Thomson had to be able to classify knots-find out which different knots were possible.This sparked a great interest in the mathematical theory of knots.
A mathematical knot looks very much like a familiar knot in a string,only with the string's ends joined.In Thomson's theory,knots could,in principle at least,model atoms of increasing complexity,such as the hydrogen,carbon,and oxygen atoms,respectively.For knots to be truly useful in a mathematical theory,however,mathematicians searched for some precise way of proving that what appeared to be different knots were really different-the couldn't be transformed one into the other by some simple manipulation(操作).Towards the end of the nineteenth century,the Scottish mathematician Peter Guthrie Tait and the University of Nebraska professor Charles Newton Little published complete tables of knots with up to ten crossings.Unfortunately,by the time that this heroic effort was completed,Kelvin's theory had already been totally discarded as a model for atomic structure.Nevertheless,even without any other application in sight,the mathematical interest in knot theory continued at that point for its own sake.In fact,mathematical became even more fascinated by knots.The only difference was that,as the British mathematician Sir Michael Atiyah has put it,"the study of knots became a special branch of pure mathematics."
Two major breakthroughs in knot theory occurred in 1928 and in 1984.In 1928,the American mathematician James Waddell Alexander discovered an algebraic expression that uses the arrangement of crossings to label the knot.For example,t2-t+1or t2-3t+1,or else.Decades of work in the theory of knots finally produced the second breakthrough in 1984.The New Zealander-American mathematician Vaughan Jones noticed an unexpected relation between knots and another abstract branch of mathematics,which led to the discovery of a more sensitive invariant known as the Jones polynomial.
63.What is surprising about knots?B
A.They originated from ancient Greek legend.
B.The study of knots is a branch of mathematics.
C.Knots led to the discovery of atom structure.
D.Alexander the Great made knots well known.
64.What does the underlined word"that"in Paragraph 3refer to?A
A.No other application found except tables of knots.
B.The study of knots meeting a seemingly dead end.
C.Few scientist showing interest in knots.
D.The publication of complete tables of knots.
65.According to the passage,D shows the most updated study about knots.
A.t2-t+1
B.t2-3t+1
C.Alexander polynomial
D.Jones polynomial
66.Which one would be the best title for this passage?B
A.Mathematicians VS Physicians
B.To be or Knot to be
C.Knot or Atom
D.Knot VS Mathematics.
分析 本文属于说明文阅读,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们介绍了有关数学中的分支的讨论,首先向我们介绍了神话中的"结",从而过渡到数学中的"结",数学家用一些精确的方法证明了结成为数学中一个特殊的分支,并就此展开了讨论.
解答 63.B 细节理解题,根据第三段The only difference was that,as the British mathematician Sir Michael Atiyah has put it,"the study of knots became a special branch of pure mathematics."可知"knots"即为结,已经变成数学的一个分支了,故选B.
64.A 词义猜测题,根据第三段Nevertheless,even without any other application in sight,the mathematical interest in knot theory continued at that point for its own sake.In fact,mathematical became even more fascinated by knots.The only difference was that,as the British mathematician Sir Michael Atiyah has put it可知除了knots,没有任何其他应用程序能有研究数学的兴趣,因此"that"指的是"No other application found except tables of knots",故选A.
65.D 细节理解题,根据最后一段The New Zealander-American mathematician Vaughan Jones noticed an unexpected relation between knots and another abstract branch of mathematics,which led to the discovery of a more sensitive invariant known as the Jones polynomial.可知琼斯多项式的发现显示了最新的关于结的研究,故选D.
66.B 主旨大意题,通读全文可知本文主要告诉我们knot变成数学分支的历史,并就其进行讨论,故选B.
点评 考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力.做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确选择.在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.