9．No one knows for sure when advertising first started．It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them．That led to the concept of specialization，which means that people would specialize，or focus，on doing one specific job．
Let's take a man we'll call Mr．Fielder，for example．He did everything connected with farming．He planted seeds，tended the fields，and harvested and sold his crops．At the same time，he did many other jobs on the farm．However，he didn't make the bricks for his house，cut his trees into boards，make the plows （犁），or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs．Instead，he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things．
Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr．Plowright．Using what he knew about farming and working with iron，Mr．Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier．Mr．Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows．Perhaps，he thought，other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows．
How did Mr．Plowright let people know what he was doing？Why，he advertised，of course．First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers．That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door．It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr．Plowright and his really good plows．
Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago．Even before most people could read，they understood such signs．Shopkeepers would carve into stone，clay，or wood symbols for the products they had for sale．
A medium，in advertising talk，is the way you communicate your message．You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols．The second medium was audio，or sound，although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today．Originally，just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument，such as a bell，were used to get people's attention．
A crier，in the historical sense，is not someone who weeps easily．It is someone，probably a man，with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city．In ancient Egypt，shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products．Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods．Perhaps the crier described the goods，explained where they came from，and praised their quality．His job was，in other words，not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world．（478words）
41．What probably led to the start of advertisement？B
A．The discovery of iron．
B．The specialization of labor．
C．The appearance of new jobs．
D．The development of farming techniques．
42．To advertise his plows，Mr．PlowrightB．
A．praised his plows in public
B．placed a sign outside the shop
C．hung an arrow pointing to the shop
D．showed his products to the customers
43．The writer makes up the two stories of Mr．Fielder and Mr．Plowright in order toA．
A．explain the origin of advertising
B．predict the future of advertising
C．expose problems in advertising
D．provide suggestions for advertising
44．In ancient Egypt，a crier was probably someone whoD．
A．owned a ship
B．had the loudest voice
C．ran a shop selling goods to farmers
D．functioned like today's TV or radio commercial
45．The last two paragraphs are mainly aboutC．
A．the history of advertising
B．the benefits of advertising
C．the early forms of advertising
D．the basic design of advertising．
分析 本文作者通过讲述Fielder与Plowright 的两段故事，为人们分析了广告起源的过程，并且介绍了最早的两种广告形式，即：通过使用带有符号的牌子或者雇佣沿街呼唤传报消息的人（a cier）．
解答 41 B 内容归纳题 根据第一段可知，作者认为广告最初可能起源于：由于面对同样的工作，有些人比其他人做的要好些，从而出现了一些从事专业化工作的人；因此是专业化的劳动促使了广告的兴起；故选B
42 B 细节理解题 根据第四段"First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers"Plowright首先开了一家商店，然后在商店外面挂起了一个牌子，来吸引顾客，向顾客推销他的犁；故选B
43 A 内容归纳题 阅读二至五段可知，作者讲述Fielder与Plowright 的两段故事，旨在告诉人们广告是在什么情况下出现的，即广告的起源；故选A
44 D 推理判断题 根据最后一段对"a cier"的介绍以及在古埃及，店主们通常雇佣他来传播他们的产品消息，并且根据本文的最后一句"His job was，in other words，not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world．"他的工作与当今世界的电视或广播的广告没有太大的不同；故可以推测出答案D正确
45 C 段落大意题 最后两段主要概括了两种最早的广告形式即：悬挂带有符号的牌子以及雇佣沿街呼唤传报消息的人（a cier），故选C
点评 做本题时，首先应快速浏览全文，掌握文章的大意以及作者的写作思路；其次，可以通过对相关细节的理解，概括段落大意，以及通过逻辑推理，选出正确的答案．
