Parkinson’s is a disease of the central nervous system. It is a progressive disorder, meaning it gets worse over time. The disease affects a small area of cells in the middle of the brain. This area is called the substantial nigra(黑质). The cells slowly lose their ability to produce a chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. The decrease in the amonnt of dopamine can result in one or more general signs of Parkinson’s disease. These include shaking of the hands, arms and lege. They also include difficulty moving or keeping balanced while waslking or standing. Also, there may be emotional changes, like feeling depressed or worried. The symptoms（症状）of Parkinson’s differ from person to person. They also differ in their intensity（剧烈强度）.
The disease is named after James Parkinson. He was a British doctor who first described this condition in 1817. During the 1960s, researchers discovered changes in the brains of people with the disease These discoveries led to mediums to treat the effects of the disease. There is no cure for Parkinson’s and no way to prevent it. And doctors still are not sure what causes Parkinson’s.
The United States National Institute of Health says at least 500,000 people in the country are believed to have Parkinson’s disease. About 50,000 new eases are reported each year. That number is expected to grow as the average age of the population increases.
Parkinson’s appears most often in people over the age of fifty. Some researchers believe that almost every one would develop Parkinson’s eventually if they lived long enough. Most patients have what is called idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Idiopathic（先天）means the cause is unknown. People who develop the disease often want to link it to something they can identify. This might be a medieval operation or extreme emotional tension.
Yet many doctors reject this idea of a direct link to Parkinson’s. They point to people who have similar experiences and do not develop the disease.
47．If anyone has got the disease, he may have some trouble in .
A．common rolling B．physical actions
C．formal communicating D．daily eating
48．The disease, Parkinson usually takes place in .
A．nerve system B．the bone
C．blood system D．the skin
49．From the passage, we could know that it is possible to develop Parkinson’s for .
A．a teenager B．a young person
C．an aged person D．a kid
50．The passage tells us that the disease .
A．usually has the similar symptom B．was first discovered by an Asian
C．is really easy to infect D．is really hard to cure at present
综合自测系列答案科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：
Mr. Parkinson stood up and left the room, the door behind her.
A．closing B．closed C．close D．to close
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013届山东省莱芜市第一中学高三12月阶段性测试英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
Surgeons in Spain have successfully carried out the world’s first organ transplant using new stem cell technology. Some people are calling it the greatest medical breakthrough so far this century.
But what are stem cells? As we know, most cells in our bodies are designed to serve specific purposes – for example, a liver cell develops to work in the liver and cannot become a heart cell. But stem cells are different. They are very young, and in the laboratory scientists can grow them into different types of cell.
Claudia Castillo needed a new windpipe after getting a serious disease. Scientists from the University of Bristol in the UK took a donor windpipe, or trachea, from someone who had recently died. They used strong chemicals to remove the donor’s cells, leaving a tissue scaffold(组织支架). This was refilled with cells from Ms Castillo’s windpipe, and stem cells from her bone. After four days the cells had grown sufficiently for the windpipe to be transplanted into Ms Castillo.
Currently, transplant patients have to take drugs for the rest of their lives to prevent their bodies rejecting the new organs. These drugs can have bad side-effects, and do not always prevent rejection. But by using Ms Castillo’s own cells, doctors were able to trick her body into thinking the new windpipe was her own organ. Five months on, Claudia Castillo is in perfect health.
This ground-breaking procedure could be used in other transplant operations in the future. Scientists also believe stem cells might be used to treat Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and so on.
However, stem cell research is extremely controversial. The most effective stem cells do not come from adults but from embryos created in laboratories and which are just a few days old. Many people have religious or ethical objections to growing embryos, even if they can be used to cure diseases.
【小题1】This transplant is considered the greatest medical breakthrough because _________.
| A．this is the first organ transplant in the whole world |
| B．the patient is in perfect health after the operation |
| C．it is the first success with new stem cell technology |
| D．the stem cells are from an embryo developed in a lab |
| A．they are grown in the lab only |
| B．they can grow into different types of cell |
| C．they are designed for a specific purpose |
| D．they can work in the liver not in the heart |
| A．How Claudia survived in the operation |
| B．How to remove the cells from the donor’s organ |
| C．Why stem cells are needed in the transplant |
| D．How the windpipe is transplanted |
| A．Human bodies always reject transplanted organs even with their own cells |
| B．The donor’s cells had to be removed because they were unhealthy |
| C．The transplanted organ was refilled with the stem cells only |
| D．Claudia will not have to take drugs to prevent rejection. |
| A．controversial | B．confident |
| C．conservative (保守的) | D．critical |
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科目：高中英语 来源：广东省桂洲中学2010届高三上学期第三次月考 题型：阅读理解
Ⅳ. 阅读理解（共20题；每小题2分，满分40分）
第一节阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给A, B, C和 D项中，选出最佳选项。
In an age when technology moves faster than most can keep up with, a small group of people still remain in the time of old-fashioned letters. Frankly speaking, I was once certain that traditional letters could never be replaced by other means of communication.
But a story about online communication changed my mind.
An old man, who suffered a lot from Parkinson's disease, was not able to talk clearly and could hardly write his name. Living totally alone, he managed to keep in touch with nearly all the members of his family. How did he achieve this? He clicked out words on his computer keyboard.
I, therefore, managed to get an e-mail box as soon as the opportunity came. My life changed. E-mail, and all online communication, is something truly different. It has capabilities that few other products can match.
E-mail is convenient. It takes less time with its fast speed and 24-hour connection. The slow postal service is no match. If you wouldn't want to have a face-to-face talk with your manager, you might talk with him through e-mail even if you are in the same office.
Naming all the good things about online communication is not easy. But wait. E-mail can be inconvenient. It can waste time and energy. Just think what may happen when you take a short vacation and return to find your e-mail box filled with 200 unread messages. You could clearly spend half a day clearing junk ads.
Then, online communication will keep us staying at our computer while it connects us to distant strangers. Once we throw ourselves into the machine, we may forget the human touches we once held so dear. I'm sure there's and always will be a place for the old-fashioned letter, phone call, and face-to-face meeting even in the world of modem communication.
As I listen to the sound of the modem, I was excited at stepping out to the outside world but, at the same time, I sensed a loss of control over something valuable in my personal life.
41. What caused the writer to become interested in e-mail and online communication?
A. The sound of the modem. B. His own illness.
C. The changing of his life. D. A sick old man's experience.
42. What is the most probable meaning of the underlined word "junk" in Paragraph 7?
A. Old and useless. B. New and useful.
C. Short but valuable. D. Long but clear.
43. What does the writer think of online communication?
A. It should replace old-fashioned letters completely.
B. It is perfectly and always does good to you.
C. It is extremely useful and convenient, but it may be inconvenient or even harmful.
D. It does more harm than good.
44. How did the sick old man keep in touch with his family members?
A. With the help of his computer.
B. By writing letters with his pen.
C. By making telephones calls.
D. By visiting them regularly.
45. According to the writer, traditional means of communication will never disappear because .
A. they are convenient and popular though they are slow
B. they help to keep the friendly relationship between people
C. most people cannot keep up with the development of technology
D. modem means of communication does too much harm
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科目：高中英语 来源：2012届江西省上高二中高三考前热身英语试卷（带解析） 题型：阅读理解
Oscar the cat seems to have an unnatural ability for predicting when nursing home patients are going to die, by curling up (蜷伏) next to them during their final hours. His accuracy, observed in 25 cases, has led the staff to call family members once he has chosen someone. It usually means the patient has less than four hours to live. "Many family members take some comfort from it. They appreciate the companionship that the cat provides for their dying loved one," said Dosa, a doctor and assistant professor of medicine at Brown University.
The 2-year-old cat was adopted as a kitten and grew up in a third-floor dementia (痴呆) unit at the Steere House Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, where the facility treats people with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and other illnesses. After about six months, the staff noticed Oscar would make his own rounds, just like the doctors and nurses. He'd smell and observe patients, then sit beside people who would end up dying in a few hours. Dosa said Oscar seems to take his work seriously. "This is not a cat that's friendly to people," he said.
"Oscar is better at predicting death than the people who work here," said Dr. Joan Teno of Brown University, who treats patients at the nursing home and is an expert on care for the terminally ill. She was convinced of Oscar's talent when he made his 13th correct call. While observing one patient, Teno said she noticed the woman wasn't eating, was breathing with difficulty and that her legs had a bluish color, signs that often mean death is near. Oscar wouldn't stay inside the room, though, so Teno thought bis streak was broken. Instead, it turned out the doctor's prediction was roughly 10 hours too early. Sure enough, during the patient's final two hours, nurses told Teno that Oscar joined the woman at her bedside.
Doctors say most of the people who get a visit from the sweet-faced, gray-and-white cat are so ill that they probably don't know he's there, so patients aren't aware he's a predictor of death. Most families are grateful for the advance warning, although one wanted Oscar out of the room while a family member died. When Oscar is put outside, he paces and meows his displeasure.
No one's certain if Oscar's behavior is scientifically significant or points to a cause. Teno wonders if the cat senses mysterious scents or reads something into the behavior of the nurses who raised him. Nursing home staff aren't concerned with explaining Oscar, so long as he gives families a better chance at saying goodbye to the dying. The staff recently gave Oscar a wall sign publicly praising his "sympathetic care."
【小题1】What makes Oscar the cat so special?
| A．He observes the cases of dying patients. |
| B．He curls up next to the patients. |
| C．He calls family members to the hospital. |
| D．He senses when patients are to die. |
| A．would go round and observe patients |
| B．may sometimes fail to predict death |
| C．is friendly and liked by every nurse |
| D．was born and grew up in the hospital |
| A．his bones were severely injured |
| B．his magic power stopped working |
| C．his devotion to work got changed |
| D．his friendship with patients ended |
| A．Oscar's behavior is scientifically significant |
| B．Oscar can read something of the nurses' behavior |
| C．Oscar might like to stay with the dying patients |
| D．Oscar is sympathetic to the dying patients |
| A．Cats Can Be Used for Looking After Patients |
| B．Oscar, the Sweet-Faced, Gray-and-White Cat |
| C．As Death Comes Calling, So Does Oscar the Cat |
| D．Oscar the Cat, the Best Helper of Our Hospital |
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科目：高中英语 来源：2013-2014学年四川省高三第八次月考英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
Chinese scientists have found a new way to use cells found in human urine （尿液）that could aid in the treatment of a range of nerve disorders.That is a new technique for reprogramming cells in human urine into nerve progenitor cells that can grow into multi-functional nerve and brain cells.
The technique is expected to be used in the study and treatment of nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other nerve disorders.
Pei Duanqing, a professor at Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said his research team has combined an episomal system to deliver reprogramming factors with a chemically defined culture medium to reprogram kidney epithelial(肾表皮) cells in urine into NPCs.
These NPCs, normally only found in the human brain, were later proven to be transgene-free and self-renewing, he said.
"These nerve and brain cells can survive for up to one month when transplanted into the brain of a newborn rat," said Pei. "My team is working hard to understand why our experimental condition allowed the urine cells to become NPCs, because we want to improve the technique and make it more efficient".
Scientists have long searched to treat and study neural disorders by obtaining and transplanting neural stem cells. However, the previous method of getting and using cells from either fetal (胎儿)or adult human tissue remains challenging due to ethical concerns and immune system rejections, he said.
Pei hopes the discovery will be used to generate NPCs from patients with nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease. "These NPCs from patients may help us discover new drugs for these diseases."
"It is a remarkable advance in the stem cell field. The results and methods obtained from this study will be of great value and significance to the field, " said Fred Gage,a professor with the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.
1.What is the passage mainly about?
A. NPCs are beneficial in treating human diseases.
B. Chinese scientists succeeded in making NPCs from human urine.
C. Chinese scientists have found cures for all diseases.
D. A new technique was used to study the use of human urine
2.Pei and his tean try their best to work hard in order to .
A. make more contributions to medical study
B. discover another new technique
C. make the technique more perfect
D. treat more patients suffering from bad diseases
3.What is the challenge of making NPCs in the previous method?
A. The ethical comcerns and immune system refusal
B. The difificulties in getting cells from human.
C. The under-developed techniques in medical science.
D. The lack of financial support from the government.
4.From the last paragraph we can infer .
A. the new technique will be developed in science
B. the results and methods will be applied to treating cancers
C. the study will give a major push to the stem cell field
D. the mew technique will bring great profis
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