分析 文章大意:本文主要阐述了一个组织的成员多少与交流的关系. 社会学家早就认识到,不到200个人的自由流动可以通过操作各成员之间的信息. 一旦它们的规模远远超出这一数字,这两个组织获得不够灵活. 因此,似乎有必要防止总的通信故障造成混乱.文中并且提出了解决问题的方法:组织人数缩减,构建直接的人事关系.
解答 81.An organization of more than 200 individuals.
本题涉及的论点在第一段.本段中的第一句"Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members."明确告诉我们二百人以内的机构可以保证员工之间自由的信息沟通.反向理解则为:超过二百人的机构其员工之间的信息沟通会遇到障碍,也就是提干中的"lead to communication failures".
82.Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.
本题题干中明确要求考生写"两个解决方案(two solutions)".第二段的第一句"One solution to this problem would,of course,be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group."中有一个"solution",即:"structure large organisations into smaller units of size that can act as a group".另一个"solution"是"the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships".由于答题要求字数不得超过8个字,考生就得对原文中提到的两种解决方案的表诉在文字上进行压缩.把句子中次要的成份去除,于是就留下了"structuring….and building…".
83.seemed to be more difficult/less satisfying
本题涉及的内容在第三段,具体的句子是"The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation.Then,for no apparent reason,the work seemed to be more difficult to do,not to say less satisfying.".关键词是:"smoothly,until,moved into,more difficult,less satisfying".题干中的"operation"一词在原文中似乎没有,其实不然,倒数第二行的"the work"就是指题干中的"operation".
84.the close social networks/the free flow of information/the causal communication
本题对考生的概括能力要求较高.从题干的句子形式我们可看出本题要考生回答的是:究竟是什么能使机构运作得更成功?在TV Station的例子中我们的知其人员是150人,属于第一段中所说的能保证"the free flow of information"的人员编制.同样,我们从第一段中的知自由畅通的信息交流对机构的成功运作很重要.因此,"the free flow of information"是本题的答案之一.在第二段中我们还得知,把人员分成若干"group"构建"direct personal organization"也是有效地方法,我们把这点可概括为"close personal relationship/close social networks/direct information exchange system"等等.再次,第二段的结尾句"Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works."我们可反其道理解为:"informal/casual personal communication is the way a system works more successfully".这点也可从TV station搬迁后没有设置"coffee room"从而影响了员工之间的交流,导致"the work seemed to be more difficult to do"这一案例得到印证.
点评 做此类试题,考生要先仔细阅读短文后所提出的问题,带着问题通读全文,把握文章意思,然后再研读跟问题相关的句子、句子的关键词/短语等;在此基础上再结合上下文进行分析判断、逻辑推理、归纳提炼出问题答案的表述内容;记住要看清问题,不要答非所问,同时表述的句子内容要简洁明了、语法正确、语句通顺、书写规范,注意字数限制.
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