.

It is common to consider learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, even from birth and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to use toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to communicate with their parents, grandparents,    siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for communicating with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to deal with many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human?service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people's behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to affect the behaviors of workers, voters, and consumers.

Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later outputs knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person's experiences. ?

68. The underlined "siblings" in the second paragraph probably means___________.

A. teachers     B. classmates     C. doctors     D. brothers or sisters

69.  Which period of children's life does they begin to know to behave well according to the passage?

A. After they go into society          B. Before they enter school

C. When they are at school           D. Before they are born

70.  Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?

A. As a matter of fact, learning begins with formal school education.

B. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate their students.

C. People need to understand how certain experiences change their behaviors.

D. Employers should study the principles of learning to manage their workers well.

71.  The author mainly tries to tell us___________in the last paragraph.

A. learning is only related to memory and experiences

B. psychologists are interested in how the brain stores knowledge

C. psychologists are more interested in a person's behavior

D. how the relationship between learning, brain and behavior works

.

第三节：书面表达（满分30分）

假如你叫李华，你和笔友Jane互寄了全家的合影。Jane看了合影后来信问为什么你没有兄弟姐妹。请用英语写封100字左右的回信说明情况。内容包括以下几点：

.

.QQ, ______you can chat with your friends, makes communication easy.

A．why                       B．which                   C．that                          D．where

.

______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth every month.

A .It   B. That    C. As   D. Why

.

第二部分：阅读理解（共25小题，每题2分，满分50分）

第一节 选择题（共20小题，每题2分，满分40分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Getting around in Canada is fairly easy. Most cities have urban transportation systems, including buses, streetcars, and trains, and some of the larger cities also have subways. You can board these systems at regular stops along their routes. Some let you pay with cash while others require tickets. If you don’t have a ticket for the bus, you must pay with the correct amount of money. This is because the driver does not carry any change. If you plan to stay in a city for a long time, you may want to buy a monthly pass or a package of tickets to save money. You can buy subway tickets at any subway station.

    If you have to take several buses or subways for a single trip, you do not need to pay money each time. Simply ask the driver for a transfer (换乘) ticket, or take one from the machines on the subway platform.

    If you are not sure where to board the bus or the streetcar, just ask someone or follow the crowd. People can usually only board at the front of the bus where you show your pass to the driver. When using public transportation, Canadians line up. First come, first serve, is a common approach to many activities in Canada, and it is considered to be extremely rude to cut in any line.

    Maps of routes and schedules are usually available from the public transit (运输) company in your area, and there is also a telephone information line. You may ask someone for the name of the transit company in your area, and then look it up in the telephone book.

46. What is this passage mainly about?

  A. How to use public transportation in Canada.

B. How to save money when traveling.

C. Where to find subways in larger cities.

D. How public transit companies work.

47. If you pay the bus fare in cash, _____.

A. you may be given some change

B. you can exchange money with the driver

C. it might cost you a little more

D. you must have the exact amount of money

48. By buying a monthly pass or a package of tickets, you can ______.

A. take a bus whenever you want      B. go wherever you like

C. save money                     D. find comfortable seats

49. If you have to change subway lines on a single trip, _____.

A. you have to pay each time

B. you should buy another ticket from the machine

C. you must ask for the driver’s permission

D. you just need to pay once

.

My parents used ________they had to get a new car for my brother.

  A. all what 　　　B. 不填   C.　all which　　　D. what

.

As a result of the flood, two thirds of the buildings in the area ______.

A. need repairing          B. need to repair          C. needs repairing          D. needs to be repaird

.

 The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism _____ the wildlife in the area.

    A. on               B. in                C. at                 D. with

.

 Dear Abby,

This is my first letter to you, although I have been reading your column for many years. I need an outside opinion.

I am a grandmother in my 70s and have just returned from visiting my daughter, her husband and their three dearly loved children--all under the age of 5--and I'm upset with some of their parenting ways.

For example: They lock the doors to their children's bedrooms at night because the children might get out of their beds and wander around the house, and we may not hear them."

 If one child should get punishment, all three are punished, and if one child says a naughty

word, all three are given hot sauce (辣酱汁) in the mouth. I know these parents love their children very much, but are these ways of disciplining them wise? Please understand, it is not my aim to interfere (干涉).

--- Gram

Dear Gram,

Children's bedroom doors should not be locked. Should a flash fire break out, it would be a nightmare (噩梦).Punishing all the children when only one has earned the punishment is a good way to make them grow up to hate each other. Children who use "naughty" words should not be punished with hot sauce in the mouth-they should be taught the proper and acceptable word to use instead of the "naughty" word. 

                                                                                                                ---  Abby

49. Gram's daughter _____________.

A. is very strict with her children            B. does not love her three children

C. always punishes her children at night      D. often gives her children hot sauce

50. The passage doesn't say so, but from the lines you'll find that __________.

A. Gram likes writing letters               B. Gram likes watching children

C. Gram likes reading newspapers          D. Gram likes visiting her daughter

51. Gram writes the letter in order to ____________.

A. disclose her daughter's ways as a mother        

B. criticize her daughter's ways as a mother

C. express her anger about her daughter s ways as a mom

D. get others' opinion about her daughter's ways as a mom

52. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Gram seems to care for her grand children very much.

B. Gram is against some of her daughter's ways as a mom.

C. Abby is for only one of Gram's daughter's ways as a mom.

D. Abby agrees with Gram about her daughter's ways as a mom.

.

第三节：书面表达（满分30分）

假如你是李梅，你的朋友小军在来信中谈到他不知道如何提高听力。现在你给他回信提出一些忠，内容包括：

       1. 尽可能多听，听得越多，学英语就越容易。

       2. 要养成听的习惯，但每次不必时间太久，每天半小时左右即可。

       3. 选择有趣，不太难的材料听，如中国国际广播电台或BBC英语节目。

       4. 选择发音清晰，语速不太快的磁带，逐渐提高难度。

要求：1、根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文通顺连贯；2、词数100左右

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