Employees need several kinds of satisfactions if they are to remain productive and enthusiastic in industry. They need to know that their working conditions are safe and adequate for the kind of work they do. Also, they need reasonable hours of work in order to make their jobs acceptable. If they must work overtime several nights a week, their take-home pay may be higher, but their efficiency and feelings about their jobs will decline (下降).

In addition to agreeable working conditions, employees need to have adequate compensation(补偿) for the work they do. Today potential employees also examine the benefits package management offers to compare them with other companies. If one company offers stocks, insurance, vacations, and even child care, other industries must follow suit(仿效他人), or they lose out on hiring the best employees.

Adequacy of working conditions and financial compensation are hardly enough, however, to keep employees satisfied for long. Employees also need to feel confident of management's abilities to organize the company. The employer who pays well and has a new modern plant to display their product may still lose the loyalty and devotion of employees through lack of attention to details and disorganization. One recent research study showed that more than half the small businesses failed not due to lack of money but due to the employer's lack of management skill.

Which of the following could probably be the main idea of this passage?

A. Employees can improve their income in many ways.

B. Employees can hardly be satisfied.

C. Employers should be skillful in management.

D. Job satisfaction is tied to benefits.

Today's employees know how to protect their benefits by __________.

A. making comparisons between different companies

B. examining their agreements with the employer

C. asking for compensation for what they do

D. changing their jobs more often than before

The most important thing for a company to keep its employees loyal and energetic is __________.

A. to raise their salary from time to time

B. to maintain an effective management

C. to be skillful in organizing their work

D. to pay attention to the development of products

Employees are being flooded with too much information that has little to do with their work, according to a new survey.
On average, white-collar workers spend 51 percent of their work time receiving and processing information. Only one third of it was relevant to their work, the survey found. Information overload for white collar workers has become a global issue. The huge amount of information has already affected their efficiency in management as well as their performance at work.
Buried with e-mails
Every morning, a secretary at the human resources department of an auto parts company opens her e-mail box, only to find it crammed with at least 50 unread mails. For her, even scanning through these e-mails every day takes at least half an hour. Some of her colleagues are not so lucky — they have to read at least 100.
Bothered with calls
Telephone calls are also causing a problem. More than 40 percent white-collar workers chose mobile phones as the preferred way to communicate important and urgent business matters.
Talking saves time and energy over the clicking, reading and replying to e-mails, but phone calls are also more distracting(分心的). While answering a call, a clerk is likely to put away a much more important task at hand and start the business being talked about on the phone.
Solution? Not yet.
Many companies start with providing staff with better computers, better Internet access and more advanced gadgets(装置). For example, staff members above a certain level in one company will be provided with a blackberry phone for easier access to their e-mails. The company has also organized many lectures on efficient ways of e-mail management. Yet most white-collar workers think their companies can do more.
【小题1】What does the new survey find about white-collar workers?

Employees are being flooded with too much information that has little to do with their work, according to a new survey.

    On average, white-collar workers spend 51 percent of their work time receiving and processing information. Only one third of it was relevant to their work, the survey found. Information overload for white collar workers has become a global issue. The huge amount of information has already affected their efficiency in management as well as their performance at work.

    Buried with e-mails

    Every morning, a secretary at the human resources department of an auto parts company opens her e-mail box, only to find it crammed with at least 50 unread mails. For her, even scanning through these e-mails every day takes at least half an hour. Some of her colleagues are not so lucky — they have to read at least 100.

    Bothered with calls

    Telephone calls are also causing a problem. More than 40 percent white-collar workers chose mobile phones as the preferred way to communicate important and urgent business matters.

    Talking saves time and energy over the clicking, reading and replying to e-mails, but phone calls are also more distracting(分心的). While answering a call, a clerk is likely to put away a much more important task at hand and start the business being talked about on the phone.

      Solution? Not yet.

    Many companies start with providing staff with better computers, better Internet access and more advanced gadgets(装置). For example, staff members above a certain level in one company will be provided with a blackberry phone for easier access to their e-mails. The company has also organized many lectures on efficient ways of e-mail management. Yet most white-collar workers think their companies can do more.

1.What does the new survey find about white-collar workers?

    A．They spend 51% of their work time on meetings.

    B．Only half of the information they receive is useful.

    C．Over 60% of them prefer to use the telephone.

    D．Some of them have to read at least 100 e-mails every day.

2.Telephone calls cause a problem because ________.

    A．they take up the time to receive and send e-mails

    B．they are often not answered

    C．they are mostly not about business

    D．they may lead to the changing of work schedule

3.How do some companies try to solve the problem of information overload?

    A．They start to give staff a pay rise.

    B．They plan to employ more people.

    C．They provide employees with more advanced equipment.

    D．They organize lectures on how to reduce stress.

4.What is the major issue discussed in this text?

    A．Poor management leads to inefficiency at work.

    B．Junk mail is causing big trouble.

    C．White-collar workers suffer from information overload.

    D．Better computers are in need in workplaces.

Employees who have worked here for many years will give ________ over new-comers．

1. A.
   preference
2. B.
   prejudice
3. C.
   premise
4. D.
   preface

Employees are being flooded with too much information that has little to do with their work, according to a new survey.

On average, white­collar workers spend 51 percent of their work time receiving and processing information. Only one third of it was relevant to their work, the survey found. Information overload for white­collar workers has become a global issue. The huge amount of information has already affected their efficiency in management as well as their performance at work.

Buried with e­mails

Every morning, a secretary at the human resources department of an auto parts company opens her e­mail box, only to find it crammed with at least 50 unread mails.For her, even scanning through these e­mails every day takes at least half an hour. Some of her colleagues are not so lucky—they have to read at least 100.

Bothered with calls

Telephone calls are also causing a problem. More than 40 percent white­collar workers choose mobile phones as the preferred way to communicate important and urgent business matters. Talking saves time and energy over the clicking, reading and replying to e­mails, but phone calls are also more distracting(分心的). While answering a call, a clerk is likely to put away a much more important task at hand and start the business being talked about on the phone.

Solution? Not yet

Many companies start with providing staff with better computers, better Internet access and more advanced gadgets(小装置). For example, staff members above a certain level in one company will be provided with a blackberry phone for easier access to their e­mails. The company has also organized many lectures on efficient ways of e­mail management. Yet most white­collar workers think their companies can do more.

16．What does the new survey find about white­collar workers?

A．They spend 51 percent of their work time on meetings.

B．Only half of the information they receive is useful.

C．Over 60 percent of them prefer to use the telephone.

D．Some of them have to read at least 100 e­mails every day.

17．Telephone calls cause a problem because ________．

A．they take up the time to receive and send e­mails

B．they are often not answered

C．they are mostly not about business

D．they may lead to change of work schedule

18．How do some companies try to solve the problem of information overload?

A．They start to give staff a pay rise.

B．They plan to employ more people.

C．They provide employees with more advanced equipment.

D．They organize lectures on how to reduce stress.

19．What is the major issue discussed in this text?

A．Poor management leads to inefficiency at work.

B．Junk mail is causing big trouble.

C．White­collar workers suffer from information overload.

D．Better computers are in need in workplaces.

Employees are being flooded with too much information that has little to do with their work, according to a new survey.
On average, white-collar workers spend 51 percent of their work time receiving and processing information. Only one third of it was relevant to their work, the survey found. Information overload for white collar workers has become a global issue. The huge amount of information has already affected their efficiency in management as well as their performance at work.
Buried with e-mails
Every morning, a secretary at the human resources department of an auto parts company opens her e-mail box, only to find it crammed with at least 50 unread mails. For her, even scanning through these e-mails every day takes at least half an hour. Some of her colleagues are not so lucky — they have to read at least 100.
Bothered with calls
Telephone calls are also causing a problem. More than 40 percent white-collar workers chose mobile phones as the preferred way to communicate important and urgent business matters.
Talking saves time and energy over the clicking, reading and replying to e-mails, but phone calls are also more distracting(分心的). While answering a call, a clerk is likely to put away a much more important task at hand and start the business being talked about on the phone.
Solution? Not yet.
Many companies start with providing staff with better computers, better Internet access and more advanced gadgets(装置). For example, staff members above a certain level in one company will be provided with a blackberry phone for easier access to their e-mails. The company has also organized many lectures on efficient ways of e-mail management. Yet most white-collar workers think their companies can do more.

1. 1.

   What does the new survey find about white-collar workers?

   1. A.
      They spend 51% of their work time on meetings.
   2. B.
      Only half of the information they receive is useful.
   3. C.
      Over 60% of them prefer to use the telephone.
   4. D.
      Some of them have to read at least 100 e-mails every day.
2. 2.

   Telephone calls cause a problem because ________.

   1. A.
      they take up the time to receive and send e-mails
   2. B.
      they are often not answered
   3. C.
      they are mostly not about business
   4. D.
      they may lead to the changing of work schedule
3. 3.

   How do some companies try to solve the problem of information overload?

   1. A.
      They start to give staff a pay rise.
   2. B.
      They plan to employ more people.
   3. C.
      They provide employees with more advanced equipment.
   4. D.
      They organize lectures on how to reduce stress.
4. 4.

   What is the major issue discussed in this text?

   1. A.
      Poor management leads to inefficiency at work.
   2. B.
      Junk mail is causing big trouble.
   3. C.
      White-collar workers suffer from information overload.
   4. D.
      Better computers are in need in workplaces.

Many companies treat their employees to ______ year-end party to reward them for their hard work and celebrate_____ start of a new year.

A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. a; /

   For many managers, “team building” means two days spent doing role-playing exercises in a conference hotel far from head office. But perhaps a more effective way to build teams is simply by playing real team sports,such as soccer,cricket or softball.

   David Clark,a project manager at Atisreal UK,is one of the organisers of the company's two soccer teams. He says the main point is fitness but it also has another advantageIt gives the guys a chance to meet and relax with their peers (同等地位的人) from other departments. It builds cross-company relationships. ”

    Louise Aston,a human resources director,takes a similar view,pointing out that as well as bringing disparate divisions together,sport cuts through hierarchies (等 级制度) .Not only does it promote health,it can knock leadership on the head. The person who's iest at soccer could well be a person who works in the warehouse (库 房) . Then his confidence will be built.

    Another reason why companies would like to promote team sports is that they are relatively cheap. Peter Mills,chief health officer at Vielife,says, “The contributions a company might make towards running a sports team—paying its league fees,for example —are pretty small compared to other expenditure in the field of well-being.

   However,he warns,there is a potential downside. Sports are,by their nature,competitive and not everyone is good at them. “There are people who can be a bit self-conscious and you need to ensure you don't marginalise (忽视 ) them. The emphasis is on sports such as scxcer and netball,but with a recognition that not everyone likes sweaty exercise,there is also chess,” he adds.

50. How many advantages of team sports are mentioned in the passage?

   A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.

51. The underlined part “bringing disparate divisions together” in Paragraph 3 might refer to“

   A. building cross-company relationships

   B. cutting through hierarchies

   C. promoting health

   D. bringing fun to the employees

52. We can learn that by cutting through hierarchies,

   A. the ordinary employees may be more confident

   B. the employers’ positions will be threatened

   C. everyone will be equal regardless of sex,age and income

   D. no one will be prejudiced inside the company

53. The disadvantage of team sports is that .

   A. people who like sports are too competitive

   B. someone bad at sports might not feel at home when playing sports

   C. self-conscious people are not competitive

   D. chess is not included in the team building programmes

54. The purpose of the passage is to .

   A. introduce the meaning of “team building”

   B. explain why team sports is a new way of “team building”

   C. narrate the characteristics of the team sports

   D. stress different people have different characters

Computer criminals don't use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witnesses and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it; it simply does what it is told. One clerk at a New York City bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half million dollars in just four years. No one noticed this because he moved money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance in his account, the clerk claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else's account. This clerk was caught only because he was gambling. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was put in the records.

Some employees use the computer's power to get revenge on employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company (保险公司) fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days' notice. In those thirty days, she wiped out all the company's programmed records in the computer.

Most computer criminals (犯罪) have been minor (低级的) employees. But police wonder if it is true. As one official says, “I have a feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing--the ones who really know how a computer works.”

　　 1. Why do many companies use computers to replace paper work?

　　　　  A. Because computers are fast, honest and make no mistakes.

　　　　  B. Because computers can not be used to steal money.

　　　　  C. Because computers are not expensive.

　　　　  D. Because computers have no conscience.

　　 2. What is the best advantage of computers for criminal?

　　　　  A. Computers never have a. bad day.

　　　　  B. Computers do not often provide evidence or witnesses.

　　　　  C. Computers can replace paper work.

　　　　  D. Computers are safe from human temptation.

　　 3. What happened once at a New York City bank?

　　　　  A. A man broke in and got away with a large sum of 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  B. One clerk gambled away 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  C. One employee was caught by the police because he robbed a customer of his money.

   　　   D. One clerk in the bank stole a lot of money by means of computers.

　　 4. Why does computer crime worry the police?

　　　　  A. Because most computer criminals are major employees.

　　　　  B. Because many employees use computers to get revenge on their employers.

　　　　  C. Because they do not know how to deal with computer crime at all.

　　　　  D. Because there might be more computer crimes done by experts than they can deal with.

In many businesses, computers have largely replaced paper work, because they are fast, and do not make mistakes. As one bank manager said, “Unlike humans, computers never have a bad day.” And, they are honest. Many banks put advertisements in the newspaper showing that their business deals are “untouched by human hands” and therefore safe from human temptation  (诱惑). Obviously, computers have no reason to steal money. But they also have no conscience (良心), and the growing number of computer crimes shows they can be used to steal.

Computer criminals don't use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witnesses and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it; it simply does what it is told. One clerk at a New York City bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half million dollars in just four years. No one noticed this because he moved money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance in his account, the clerk claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else's account. This clerk was caught only because he was gambling. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was put in the records.

Some employees use the computer's power to get revenge on employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company (保险公司) fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days' notice. In those thirty days, she wiped out all the company's programmed records in the computer.

Most computer criminals (犯罪) have been minor (低级的) employees. But police wonder if it is true. As one official says, “I have a feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing--the ones who really know how a computer works.”

　　 1. Why do many companies use computers to replace paper work?

　　　　  A. Because computers are fast, honest and make no mistakes.

　　　　  B. Because computers can not be used to steal money.

　　　　  C. Because computers are not expensive.

　　　　  D. Because computers have no conscience.

　　 2. What is the best advantage of computers for criminal?

　　　　  A. Computers never have a. bad day.

　　　　  B. Computers do not often provide evidence or witnesses.

　　　　  C. Computers can replace paper work.

　　　　  D. Computers are safe from human temptation.

　　 3. What happened once at a New York City bank?

　　　　  A. A man broke in and got away with a large sum of 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  B. One clerk gambled away 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  C. One employee was caught by the police because he robbed a customer of his money.

   　　   D. One clerk in the bank stole a lot of money by means of computers.

　　 4. Why does computer crime worry the police?

　　　　  A. Because most computer criminals are major employees.

　　　　  B. Because many employees use computers to get revenge on their employers.

　　　　  C. Because they do not know how to deal with computer crime at all.

　　　　  D. Because there might be more computer crimes done by experts than they can deal with.

For many employers, Facebook, MySpace and other social networking sites are already a threat （威胁） that cut into productivity．Now they have something else to worry about—the games hosted by these sites．
This new type of social gaming is called "asynchronous" gaming and allows people to play with their friends without having to be online at the same time．The low-intensity （低强度） engagement has made games such as FarmVille, Cafe World and Pet Society popular among employees who often log on during office hours．
"What we are seeing is that more and more people and organizations are recognizing the productivity lost so probably more chief information officers are blocking Facebook applications," Rebecca Wettemann of Nucleus Research said．
Boston-based Nucleus Research, which conducted a recent study into the effects of social networking sites on productivity, said nearly half of office employees in the United States access social networking sites at work, which leads to an average loss of 1．5 percent of total office productivity．
Facebook, which has 350 million users, says at least 20 percent of its members play games online．Sebastien de Halleux, CEO and co-founder of online game creator Playfish, said Asia is growing at a faster pace than other regions．"We had no idea that it would spread so fast．．．when we had 100,000 users after one month, we thought it was the biggest success ever．Now with 60 million users we think this is only the beginning of something much bigger," he added．
Zynga's FarmVille, the best known game with over 70 million active users to date, allows players to own a virtual farm where they can grow crops and raise animals．
While companies try to limit access to social networking sites, not everyone sees the games as harmful．
61．We can learn that Pet Society is a game _____．
A．popular among employers             B．without having to be online
C．merely played during office hours      D．that can be played online at a different time
62．It can be inferred from the passage that ____．
A．Playfish is owned by Sebastien and Rebecca
B．Playfish has over 70 million active users to date
C．Asia will be the largest potential market for Playfish
D．Playing online games loses 1．5 percent of total office productivity
63．The best title of the passage would be ____．
A．Social Network Gaming             B．New Threat to Productivity
C．Social Networking Sites              D．Latest Survey on Productivity
64．What would most probably be discussed next after the last paragraph?
A．Opinions in favor of online games．
B．Measures to limit access to social networking sites．
       C．Suggestions on how to improve productivity．
D．More examples about the bad effects of online games．

For many employers, Facebook, MySpace and other social networking sites are already a threat （威胁） that cut into productivity．Now they have something else to worry about—the games hosted by these sites．

This new type of social gaming is called "asynchronous" gaming and allows people to play with their friends without having to be online at the same time．The low-intensity （低强度） engagement has made games such as FarmVille, Cafe World and Pet Society popular among employees who often log on during office hours．

"What we are seeing is that more and more people and organizations are recognizing the productivity lost so probably more chief information officers are blocking Facebook applications," Rebecca Wettemann of Nucleus Research said．

Boston-based Nucleus Research, which conducted a recent study into the effects of social networking sites on productivity, said nearly half of office employees in the United States access social networking sites at work, which leads to an average loss of 1．5 percent of total office productivity．

Facebook, which has 350 million users, says at least 20 percent of its members play games online．Sebastien de Halleux, CEO and co-founder of online game creator Playfish, said Asia is growing at a faster pace than other regions．"We had no idea that it would spread so fast．．．when we had 100,000 users after one month, we thought it was the biggest success ever．Now with 60 million users we think this is only the beginning of something much bigger," he added．

Zynga's FarmVille, the best known game with over 70 million active users to date, allows players to own a virtual farm where they can grow crops and raise animals．

While companies try to limit access to social networking sites, not everyone sees the games as harmful．

61．We can learn that Pet Society is a game _____．

       A．popular among employers              B．without having to be online

       C．merely played during office hours       D．that can be played online at a different time

62．It can be inferred from the passage that ____．

       A．Playfish is owned by Sebastien and Rebecca

       B．Playfish has over 70 million active users to date

       C．Asia will be the largest potential market for Playfish

       D．Playing online games loses 1．5 percent of total office productivity

63．The best title of the passage would be ____．

       A．Social Network Gaming              B．New Threat to Productivity

       C．Social Networking Sites               D．Latest Survey on Productivity

64．What would most probably be discussed next after the last paragraph?

       A．Opinions in favor of online games．

       B．Measures to limit access to social networking sites．

       C．Suggestions on how to improve productivity．

       D．More examples about the bad effects of online games．

For many employers, Facebook, MySpace and other social networking sites are already a threat （威胁） that cut into productivity．Now they have something else to worry about—the games hosted by these sites．

This new type of social gaming is called "asynchronous" gaming and allows people to play with their friends without having to be online at the same time．The low-intensity （低强度） engagement has made games such as FarmVille, Cafe World and Pet Society popular among employees who often log on during office hours．

"What we are seeing is that more and more people and organizations are recognizing the productivity lost so probably more chief information officers are blocking Facebook applications," Rebecca Wettemann of Nucleus Research said．

Boston-based Nucleus Research, which conducted a recent study into the effects of social networking sites on productivity, said nearly half of office employees in the United States access social networking sites at work, which leads to an average loss of 1．5 percent of total office productivity．

Facebook, which has 350 million users, says at least 20 percent of its members play games online．Sebastien de Halleux, CEO and co-founder of online game creator Playfish, said Asia is growing at a faster pace than other regions．"We had no idea that it would spread so fast．．．when we had 100,000 users after one month, we thought it was the biggest success ever．Now with 60 million users we think this is only the beginning of something much bigger," he added．

Zynga's FarmVille, the best known game with over 70 million active users to date, allows players to own a virtual farm where they can grow crops and raise animals．

While companies try to limit access to social networking sites, not everyone sees the games as harmful．

1．We can learn that Pet Society is a game _____．

       A．popular among employers               B．without having to be online

       C．merely played during office hours       D．that can be played online at a different time

2．It can be inferred from the passage that ____．

       A．Playfish is owned by Sebastien and Rebecca

       B．Playfish has over 70 million active users to date

       C．Asia will be the largest potential market for Playfish

       D．Playing online games loses 1．5 percent of total office productivity

3．The best title of the passage would be ____．

       A．Social Network Gaming              B．New Threat to Productivity

       C．Social Networking Sites               D．Latest Survey on Productivity

4．What would most probably be discussed next after the last paragraph?

       A．Opinions in favor of online games．

       B．Measures to limit access to social networking sites．

       C．Suggestions on how to improve productivity．

       D．More examples about the bad effects of online games．

In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.
　　Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors（转承包者）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
　　The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.
61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.
　　A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system
　　B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture
　　C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.
　　D. not all employees can benefit from the policy
62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.
　　A. regular employees                   B. part-time workers
C. junior employees                     D. temporary workers
63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.
　　A. use subcontractors in larger amount
　　B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment
　　C. hold on to the values of society
　　D. are more efficient in competition than the latter
64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?
　　A. He will probably be low-paid.
　　B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.
　　C. He has got used to the teamwork.
　　D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.
65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A. The guarantee of employment in Japan
B. The consequence of the Japanese system
C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan
D. The expectations of capitalism

                                    In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.

　　Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors（转承包者）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.

　　The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.

61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.

　　A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system

　　B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture

　　C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.

　　D. not all employees can benefit from the policy

62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.

　　A. regular employees                         B. part-time workers

    C. junior employees                            D. temporary workers

63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.

　　A. use subcontractors in larger amount

　　B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment

　　C. hold on to the values of society

　　D. are more efficient in competition than the latter

64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?

　　A. He will probably be low-paid.

　　B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.

　　C. He has got used to the teamwork.

　　D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.

65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?

  A. The guarantee of employment in Japan

  B. The consequence of the Japanese system

  C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan

  D. The expectations of capitalism

                                  In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.

　　Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors（转承包者）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.

　　The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.

61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.

　　A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system

　　B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture

　　C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.

　　D. not all employees can benefit from the policy

62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.

　　A. regular employees                   B. part-time workers

    C. junior employees                     D. temporary workers

63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.

　　A. use subcontractors in larger amount

　　B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment

　　C. hold on to the values of society

　　D. are more efficient in competition than the latter

64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?

　　A. He will probably be low-paid.

　　B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.

　　C. He has got used to the teamwork.

　　D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.

65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?

  A. The guarantee of employment in Japan

  B. The consequence of the Japanese system

  C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan

  D. The expectations of capitalism