Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

    Psychologists have known that one person’s perception (知觉) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping (打败) evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses (假定), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.

1. In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to _______.

　　A. evaluate someone’s personality

　　B. write down their hypotheses

　　C. fill out a personal information form

　　D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

2.We can infer from the passage that _______.

　　A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

　　B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

　　C. physical temperature affects how we see others

　　D. capable persons are often cold to others

3.What would be the best title for the passage?

　　A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships

　　B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation

　　C. Developing Better Drinking Habits

　　D. Physical Sensations and Emotions

 

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　　Everyone will laugh at you if you don't know about Pele, the most famous football player in Brazil. Because of his great devotion to the 1 of football, he is always 2 as the “King” by football fans worldwide.

　　Pele 3 his genius for football in his 4 . When he was thirteen, 5 perfect skills he 6 Santos, a very important football 7 in Brazil.

　　In 1958, Pele was 8 to play for Brazil in the Sixth World Cup Competition. 9 he was sixteen, he was the best player 10 the field. 11 to Pele, Brazil 12 the world championship for the first 13 .

　　Pele played for Brazil in the World Cup Competitions from 1958 to 1970.

　　In one famous match, the fans were 14 the exciting 15 when Pele would score his thousandth goal when the refree(裁判) gave Santons a penalty(点球) 16 . Pele walked up to 17 it. The opposing goalkeeper had no 18 with the hard and accurate 19 . Pele had scored his thousandth goal! The crowds cheered, “Pele, Pele…” That is a record which is as valuable in sports as a thousand goals.

　　Pele was always 20 to the spirit of the sport as a professional player. He always played a fair game and behaved modestly with a cheerful smile.

　　He is held in high respect, and now he is the Minister of Physical Education in Brazil.

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　　Computers have done a lot since they turned up. In the future they will play a more important part in many 1 , such as education, transport, personal lives, scientific research and 2 Nowadays computers are being 3 in agriculture and industry 4 can help the farmers to 5 the conditions of the plants.

　　

　　More and more computers will come into our daily life with the 6 of science and technology. If you want to change money or pay your electricity bills, you won’t have to go to the 7 . A computer and a telephone will help you. It can also help you to do the housework and it can even 8 human voices and carry out the instructions. It is  9   10  the majority of the labour force will work at home. People will be able to use the videophone 11 conferences. This can help us to save a lot of energy and 12 .It is said that trains in Japan will have 13 , because they’ll be well 14 by computers, which can also tell the best 15 between trains.

　　

　　Computer programmes for 16 whole texts are already will be developed. You can 17 the name of a certain subject and a 18 list of book titles, then they will 19 on your screen. You may choose 20 you want.

　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　

(1)A.families		B.fields	C.factories	D.places
(2)A.so on			B.so forth
C.so on and so forth			D.A or B or C
(3)A.used		B.put	C.shown		D.given
(4)A.which		B.that	C.and		D.so
(5)A.form		B.grow	C.control		D.manage
(6)A.increase		B.progress	C.production		D.development
(7)A.office		B.bank	C.shop		D.post office
(8)A.understand		B.carry out	C.hear		D.recognize
(9)A.important		B.necessary	C.possible		D.complete
(10)A.when		B.why	C.which		D.that
(11)A.at		B.for	C.with		D.in
(12)A.material		B.time	C.place		D.money
(13)A.driver			B.some drivers
C.fewer drivers			D.no drivers
(14)A.operated	B.done		C.made			D.run
(15)A.position	B.direction		C.distance			D.way
(16)A.storing	B.writing		C.remaining			D.recording
(17)A.give	B.put		C.type			D.write
(18)A.first-rate	B.world-famous		C./			D.worldwide
(19)A.show	B.appear		C.offer			D.come up
(20)A.whatever	B.what		C.whichever			D.which

If you have ever been in a school play or even made believe you were a doctor, detective, or a space traveler, you know the enjoyment that acting brings. Almost all of us have the wish to play the part of someone—or something—else. 　 71　

In the ancient world, acting was often associated with religious ceremonies and other special occasions. As far back as 2200 B.C. trained Chinese actors performed ceremonial dances in costume and makeup at harvest festivals. 　 72　 To the dance was gradually added pantomime—the imitation of movements and gestures—as well as the wearing of masks, the singing of chants, and finally the use of dialogue.

While acting was coming into its own in the ancient Chinese classical theatre, it was doing the same in the western world, in Greece. From about 500 B.C. on, acting became a highly specialized art in Greece. Greek actors, however, still wore masks, and their motions were largely fixed by custom. 　 73　

Modern acting, by contrast, gives the individual actor great opportunity to develop his or her personal talents for serious, comic, or musical drama. The names, faces, and styles of famous movie actors are known worldwide. 　 74　 A special form of acting takes place in radio drama, which was highly popular before television. In radio drama the actors face an unique challenge. They are unseen by their audience. So they must rely on voice alone to make their characters real to the listeners.

　 75　 Only forty percent of Broadway actors are employed, most of them for only part of the year. Those who become stars need not only talent, but determination. They must not be easily discouraged. Otherwise, they might give up before the opportunity for stardom presents itself.

A. The origins of acting are in the act of remembering.

B. Drama in Greece began with festivals honoring Dionysus.

C. It is believed that this was the first step in the development of acting.

D. Historical records indicate that this desire is as old as civilization itself.

E. Acting is not, as many people think, a quick, easy road to fame and riches.

F. Broadway and television provide other stages on which actors can display their talent.

G. Consequently, they had little opportunity to demonstrate their individual personalities.