When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander （旁观者）effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

1.. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because   a woman surnamed Genovese．  

      A. it somehow caused the murder of   

      B. its discovery resulted from the murder of

      C. it was actually discovered by     

      D. it always makes people think of

2.. Genovese was murdered          .     ．  

      A. while she was going out                B. in her apartment

      C. halfway home                       D. near her apartment

3.. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

A. They believed in the bystander effect．               

      B. They thought someone else might help her．

      C. They didn't think they should help．  

      D. They didn't think she needed help．

4.. Before deciding to offer help, observers may           , according to the psychologists． 

      A. wait for sort of a signal     

      B. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

      C. want to be sure it's appropriate to react 

      D. wonder if the victim is worth helping

5.. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been         observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．   

    A. no              B. fewer                C. more             D. braver

 

　　As a third-year high school student, I feel that students today study English merely for the purpose of getting high scores in all sorts of so-called English exams. This phenomenon misleads students like my classmates into making a great effort to deal with English exams, not the rich language itself. Needless to say, it is unfortunate.

　　I started the voyage in the ocean of the English language at an early age. Being fed up with reciting each word taught in every class, I soon gained the idea that English was a bore! Luckily for me, under the vivid pen of Charlotte Bronte, the life of Jane Eyre touched me so much that I spent several sleepless nights to read the whole book. This marked the change of my attitude to-wards English from hating to loving. I began to be inspired by the wisdom of European and American literature written in English and was amazed by the beauty and richness of the language. As time went by, the more I read, the more I found English lovely. I could still remember one winter vacation when I raced into one school library to borrow my longed-for English novels. At night, when soft light spread on the pages, my expecting heart beat with the author's. I was so eager to get on with my reading that I could hardly sleep. My world had come alive! I was 16 at the time.

　　Now, I am often asked why I read so many“useless”things in English and how to study English well. My response would be,“Learn English as a language, not as an exam subject.”Then, I caught sight of disappointing eyes and doubts. Indeed, that's what I concluded from my study of the English language. Honestly, to me, English is truly a magic box that can grab my soul and absorb my entire mind. It's filled with wisdom and adventures which are hard to explain and share. I believe many people would agree with me and be sorry for the present situation of high school English teaching. So I'd like to call Upon English learners and friends to save our beloved English from being misconducted.

(1) What makes the author feel unsatisfied in studying English?

[　　]

A．The writer's starting learning English too early.

B．The incorrect aim of studying English.

C．The boring English.

D．The“useless”things on English.

(2) What brought the writer interest in English again?

[　　]

(3) When do you think the writer read the English literature?

[　　]

(4) Who does the writer think are to blame for the unfortunate English study?

[　　]

—Where shall we go to spend the weekend?

—No where       , anywhere you like.

A．in all

B．in particular

C．in general

D．in response

 

In a moment of personal crisis, how much help can you expect from a New York taxi driver? I began studying this question and found the answers interesting.

   One morning I got into three different taxis and announced, “Well, it’s my first day back in New York in seven years. I’ve been in prison.” Not a single driver replied, so I tried again. “Yeah, I shot a man in Reno.” I explained, hoping the driver would ask me why, but nobody asked. The only response came from a Ghanaian driver, “Reno? That is in Nevada?”

   Taxi drivers were uniformly sympathetic when I said I’d just been fired. “This is America,” a Haitian driver said. “One door is closed. Another is open.” He argued against my plan to burn down my boss’s house. A Pakistani driver even turned down a chance to profit from my loss of hope; he refused to take me to the middle of George Washington Bridge—a $20 trip. “Why you want to go there? Go home and relax. Don’t worry. Take a new job.”

   One very hot weekday in July, while wearing a red ski mask and holding a stuffed pillowcase with the word “BANK” on it, I tried calling a taxi five times outside different banks. The driver picked me up every time. My ride with a Haitian driver was typical of the superb assistance I received.

   “Let’s go across the park.” I said. “I just robbed the bank there. I got $25,000.”

   “$25,000?” He asked.

   “Yeah, you think it was wrong to take it?”

   “No, man. I work 8 hours and I don’t make almost $70. If I can do that, I do it too.”

   As we approached 86th and Lexington, I pointed to the Chemical Bank.

   “Hey, there’s another bank,” I said, “Could you wait here a minute while I go inside?”

   “No, I can’t wait. Pay me now.” His reluctance may have something to do with money—taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low—but I think he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.

1.. From the Ghanaian driver’s response, we can infer that ____.

   A. he was indifferent to the killing      B. he was afraid of the author

   C. he looked down upon the author     D. he thought the author was crazy

2.. Why did the Pakistani driver refuse to take the author to the middle of the George Washington Bridge?

   A. Because he was able to help the author to find a new job.

   B. Because he wanted to go home and relax.

   C. Because it was far away from his home.

   D. Because he thought that the author would commit suicide.

3..What is the author’s interpretation of the driver’s reluctance “to wait outside the Chemical bank”?

   A. The driver thought that the rate for waiting time was too low.

   B. The driver thought it wrong to support a taxi rider unconditionally.

   C. The driver was frightened and wanted to leave him as soon as possible.

   D. The driver did not want to help a suspect to escape from a bank robbery.

4.. Which of the following statements is true about New York taxi drivers?

   A. They are ready to help you do whatever you want to.

   B. they often refuse to pick up those who would kill themselves.

   C. They are sympathetic with those who are out of work.

   D. They work only for money.

5.. The passage mainly discusses ____.

   A. how to please taxi drivers.

   B. how to deal with taxi drivers

   C. the attitudes of taxi drivers towards riders in personal trouble

   D. the attitudes of taxi drivers towards troublesome taxi riders

 

B

　　Fever has usually been regarded as a threat to health.However,no one has actually proved that fever is dangerous.This fact attracted the attention of Matthew J.Kluger.Imagining that fever might not be as harmful as it had been supposed,Kluger set up a series of experiments with lizards(蜥蜴).

　　What Kluger and his team did his team did in their first experiment was simple.They put some lizards in a sand-box,one end of which was heated to 44℃,while the other was at a room temperature.It was found that the lizards moved form one part of the box to the other in order to keep a constant temperature of about 38℃.Having shown that normal lizards regulate(调节) their own temperature,Kuger,in a second experiment,then set out to show that lizards,like most other animals,develop fever when infected.This was done by making lizards infected with bacteria (细菌) that were known to cause disease.As the team expected,the infected lizards remained longer in the heated part of the box,until they had raised their body temperatures to two or three degrees above normal.In other words,the sick lizards gave themselves fever.

　　In a third experiment,the team observed the effect of temperature on the survival of the lizards.One group of infected lizards was given a fever - suppressing(退烧) drug.The other group was given no drug and ran a fever,that is to say,they kept a highter temperature for four or five days before seeking a cooler environment.The results were impressive.Of those which raised their body temperature,all but one remained alive.Of those given the fever - suppressing drug,more than half died.Similar results have since been produced in other animals.For example,infeced fish swim to warmer water,and will die if not allowed to do so.

　　An important conclusion can be drawn from these experiments.As Kluger points out,lizards have been on earth for hundreds of millions of years.It is reasonable to suppose that a response that is so old has been kept by nature for some purpose.It would appear, therefore, that fever does not make disease worse.Rather it its part of the mechanism(机能) by which infection is controlled.

　　60.In his experiments,Kluger was hoping to prove that fever ________.

　　　A.is not harmful to lizards

　　　B.is not necessarily bad

　　　C.is necessary for both humans and animals

　　　D.has the same effect on humans and animals

　　61.The lizards put in the sand - box in the first experiment _____.

　　　A.had a fever B.were not sick C.recovered from disease D.died of heat

　　62.In the third experiment,the lizards given a fever - suppressing drug died because _____.

　　　A.they had no more fever that they needed

　　　B.they were normal ones and had no fever

　　　C.the drug had no iffect on sick lizards

　　　D.the drug made their body temperature too low

　　63.How would you understand the underlined words"a response" in the last paragraph?

　　　A.Gause of disease. B.Recovery from disease.

　　　C.Relationship between living D.Natural defense in the body against disease.