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For years, the automobile industry has been testing vehicles that use hydrogen as fuel. Now, people across the United States have had a chance to see and even drive cars that get power from hydrogen fuel cells (燃料电池).

But the hydrogen fuel cell is not a new idea. The fuel cell was first invented by Sir William Grove of Britain in 1839. Since then, many different designs, have been invented. There is one place where fuel cells are a proven technology: in space. The American space agency used fuel cells in its Apollo spaceships in the twentieth century.

The most useful fuel cell for transportation purposes is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane, or P.E.M. fuel cell. It is simple and can operate at temperatures of sixty to eighty degrees Celsius. That is much lower than other fuel cell designs. A P.E.M. fuel cell has two sides divided by a thin membrane (膜). Hydrogen gas is forced through one side where it comes in contact with a reactive material containing the metal platinum(铂). The membrane separates the electrons(电子) from the protons(质子) in the hydrogen atoms. The protons pass through it to the other side of the fuel cell. But the electrons are captured to do work; like powering a motor. Oxygen from the air is forced into the other side of the fuel cell. There, the gas meets the protons that have passed through the membrane. They combine to form water and heat. A single fuel cell does not produce a lot of electricity. But when many fuel cells are combined, they can produce enough electricity to power a vehicle. The product of the chemical reaction that powers fuel cells is water. This makes fuel cells a very clean technology.

Hydrogen fuel cell cars have been slow to develop because of many technical problems that have to be solved. For example, it is unclear how long the membranes in P.E.M. fuel cells will last. Also, fuel cells need water for their chemical reactions. They must be designed to start easily at low temperatures and in dry climates. And smaller, less costly fuel cells must be designed before they can truly take the place of gasoline engines. Now more models of fuel cell vehicles are being tested than ever before. The threat of climate change and the high cost of oil have increased interest in these vehicles that do not cause pollution.

Title	More Models of Hydrogen Cars Being Tested
The progress of hydrogen fuel cell	·1.________ by Sir William Grove in 1839. ·Designed 2.________ ever since. ·Used in Apollo spaceships in the twentieth century.
Operating principle of P.E.M.	·It has two sides divided by a thin membrane. ·Hydrogen gas from one side 3.________ the active metal platinum. ·The electrons are 4.________ from the protons in the hydrogen atoms. ·The protons pass through the fuel cell to the other side. ·Oxygen from the air is5.________ into the other side of the fuel cell. ·The gas meets the protons，and then water and heat are6. ________
Reasons for slow 7.___________ of hydrogen fuel cell cars	·There are many technical problems8. ________ ·The durability of the membranes in P.E.M. fuel cells is not clear. ·They have to start easily at 9.________ temperatures and in dry climates. ·They must be smaller and less costly before 10.________ gasoline engines.

 

 

In summer, millions of people will head for the beach．And while the ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way．Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity．

    “Have you ever been on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the energy as waves crashed over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland．“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves．”

    Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity．

    Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean．“The winds start out by making little ripples （波纹） in the water, but if they keep on blowing , those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ”Taylor said．“Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey．”

    When waves come towards the shore, people can set up dams or other barricades to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine （涡轮） ．The turbine can then power an electrical generator （发电机） ．

    The United States and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy , and it is already being used in Scotland．

    The resource is huge．We will never run out of wave power, besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil and coal．

    Oceans cover three quarters of the earth’s surface．That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world．There are some drawbacks, however．

    Jamie Taylor said that wave power still cost too much money．He said that its effects on animals in the sea were still unknown．Plus, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic．

    With more research, however, “many of these problems might be overcome,” Taylor said．“Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is growing quickly throughout the world．Finding more energy sources is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day．”

    In the future, when you turn on a light switch, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!

1.Which of the following is NOT true?

    A．Wave power doesn’t cost too much money．

    B．Wave energy is so clean that it doesn’t create the same amount of pollution as other energy sources．

    C．Wave power affects fishing and boat traffic．

    D．Wave power may affect marine animals．

2.We can infer from the passage that ______．

    A．finding more new energy sources is not necessary because of wave energy

    B．wave energy is a resource that will never run out and is used all over the world

    C．wave power is not quite perfect for creating energy around the world

    D．wave power doesn’t create any pollution

3.The underlined word “drawbacks” probably means ______．

    A．regrets  B．adventures   C．disadvantages    D．difficulties

4.What can be the best title for the passage? 

    A．How to Get Electricity by Waves     B．The advantages of Wave Energy

    C．Can Waves Make Electricity?          D．The Disadvantages of Wave Energy

 

The house was quiet at 5 am and Tim’s mother was asleep. Only the sound of the big freezer broke the quiet. He’d dreamt of the cave last night. The purring（轻微颤动声）of the freezer had been the sea .

      Tim pulled on a sweater and put some apples into his schoolbag. It was too early for breakfast. He’d eat after he’d been through the cave, sitting on the rocks and staring at the sea.

      He wished he had a proper pack. His schoolbag would have to do. What else? Sandwiches—but his mother might wake up if he started pulling out bread for sandwiches, she’d want to know why he had to leave so early. He settled for some biscuits, and left a note stuck to the table:

Gone to Michael’s. Back tonight. Tim.

      The sky was high and soft and light outside, though the sun still wasn’t up. Even the highway up the hill was quiet as he made his way down the street. The wind from the sea was fresh and sweet.

      The sandhills still breathed heat from yesterday’s sun, though the top of the sand was cool. He ran down to the beach impatiently, but there was no one, just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.

      The light changed suddenly. The first rays of sunlight stretched（延伸）across the sea . The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the world.

      Over the first rocks, along to the point. Tim glanced back. The beach was still empty. The sun sailed higher in the sky. 

     He could see the cave now, even darker in the morning light. The sand turned silver then dark gold as the water flowed away from it. He had to force himself to go closer. Why was it so much more mysterious now ? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble. He needn’t go in all the way …

1. “ He settled for some biscuits ”（in Paragraph 3）means that Tim_______.

    A. had to leave the biscuits on the table   

    B. liked biscuits better than sandwiches

    C. had to take biscuits instead of sandwiches 

    D. could only find some biscuits in the kitchen

2.What made it possible for Tim to see the entry to the cave?

    A. The height of the first rocks.     

    B. The ups and downs of the waves.

    C. The change in the position of the sun.   

D. The vast stretch of the sunlit beach.

3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the story?

    A. The sea looked like a piece of gold.   

    B. Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived.

    C. Tim was the only person on the beach.   

    D. The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.

4.In the story , Tim’s mood changed from_______..

    A. loneliness to craziness          B. anxiousness to excitement

    C. helplessness to happiness     D. eagerness to nervousness

 

The skin is an essential part of your body and is ____ you feel cold, heat or pain.

A. where          B. which            C. what         D. how

 

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Celebrating sleep

World Sleep Day, observed on 21 March, was created to bring attention to the growing number of sleep problems worldwide. Sleep is a natural part of human life, but many people in the modern world ignore its importance. As a result, sleep problems are increasingly common.

In 2002, scientists at the University of Athens in Greece conducted a survey of over 35,000 people in 10 countries around the world, including China, Belgium and South Africa. Of the people that responded to the survey, 24 percent said that they did not sleep well, and based on their responses, 31.6 percent were diagnosed（诊断） with insomnia(失眠)  and another 17.5 percent were diagnosed with borderline (临界状态)insomnia. In addition, 30.7 percent of survey respondents reported visiting a doctor for help with sleep problems and 11.6 per cent said that they felt very sleepy during the day.

Overall, the survey found that many people suffer the effects of poor quality sleep, some examples of which are being unable to fall asleep and waking up in the middle of the night. The main factors causing these problems are pressure from school or work and a fast pace of life, but noise pollution and light pollution also relate to sleep and contribute to poor quality sleep. The survey’s findings are particularly troubling because large numbers of people were found to have difficulty sleeping at night. The short-term effects of this are tiredness and trouble concentrating. If this happens for a long time, the risk of gaining weight and having a heart attack may increase.

There are many things you can do to improve the quality of your sleep. First, you should have regular sleep habits. Try to go to bed and wake up around the same time each day. You also need to make your bedroom a cool, dark, quiet place to sleep so that heat, light and noise do not disturb you. At night, you should also avoid things that contain caffeine, such as chocolate, coffee, tea and many soft drinks, as caffeine may keep you from sleeping.

Getting a good night’s sleep is important for everyone. By following the advice above, you can rest better at night and work better during the day.

Title: Celebrating Sleep

Topic	Context
World Sleep Day	Due to ignorance of sleep problems, people observed Mar. 21, World Sleep Day, ____73___attention to the importance of sleep.
Responses of the survey	Of 3, 5000 people in 10 countries in the world, there were 24 percent of the people saying they didn’t sleep well. 31.6 percent were diagnosed with insomnia and another 17.5 percent were on the __74____ of sleeplessness. The percentage of the people feeling ___75___ during the day is 11.6. In additio  30.7 percent reported__76___ to a doctor for sleep problems.
__71___causing sleep problems and their consequences	Under _77____ from school or work, people may have sleep problems. A fast pace of life causes sleep problem as well. Noise and light pollution also __78_____ to poor quality sleeps. Sleepless people are more __79___ to gain weight and have a heart attack. Feeling tired and sleepy, people find it hard to ___80______
___72__ to take to improve sleep quality	Have regular sleep habits Make your bedroom cool, dark and quiet Avoid things containing caffeine