Archimedes was a famous Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born around 287 B. C. and he died in 212 B. C.

Archimedes was most known for one specific idea that he came up with. “Archimedes’s Principle（定律）”states that a solid object which is immersed in a liquid is pushed up by a force which is equal to the weight of the water that the object moves. For example, if you put a piece of wood and a piece of gold of the same size in water, only the wood will float. Both the wood and gold move the same amount of water, but the wood weighs less than the water, while the gold weighs more.

It is believed the Archimedes discovered this principle when the king of Syracuse asked him to solve a problem. The king wanted to know whether his crown（王冠）was pure gold or a mixture of gold and silver. The king, of course, didn’t want to melt his crown to find out. The idea came to Archimedes as he lowered himself into his bath. He noticed how the water spilled out of his tub. He decided to use the same idea for the crown. He knew that a gold crown immersed in water would weigh more than one made of silver. The experiment was done and the goldsmith（金匠）was found guilty（有罪的）of trying to cheat the king.

1. A good title for this section is__________.

A. Archimedes　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  B. Archimedes Principle

C. A Gold and Silver Crown　　　　 　　　　　　   D. The King of Syracuse

2. The word “immersed” in the second paragraph means__________.

A. raised　　  　　　　    B. lifted　　  　　　　　　  C. underwater　　      D. rose

3. From this section we may conclude（推断）that the king's crown__________.

A. moved more water than pure gold of the same weight

B. moved less water than pure gold of the same weight

C. moved more water than pure gold of the same size

D. moved less water than pure gold of the same size

4. The following sentences tell what happened many years ago. Which is the right order of the events（事件）?

a. Archimedes took a bath.

b. Archimedes discovered his principle.

c. The king of Syracuse asked him to solve a problem.

d. Archimedes did the experiment on the crown.

A. b c a d　　  　　　　   B. c a b d　　  　　　　   C. c a d b　　  　　　　   D. b c d a

 

Archimedes was a famous Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born around 287 B. C. and he died in 212 B. C.

Archimedes was most known for one specific idea that he came up with. “Archimedes’s Principle（定律）”states that a solid object which is immersed in a liquid is pushed up by a force which is equal to the weight of the water that the object moves. For example, if you put a piece of wood and a piece of gold of the same size in water, only the wood will float. Both the wood and gold move the same amount of water, but the wood weighs less than the water, while the gold weighs more.

It is believed the Archimedes discovered this principle when the king of Syracuse asked him to solve a problem. The king wanted to know whether his crown（王冠）was pure gold or a mixture of gold and silver. The king, of course, didn’t want to melt his crown to find out. The idea came to Archimedes as he lowered himself into his bath. He noticed how the water spilled out of his tub. He decided to use the same idea for the crown. He knew that a gold crown immersed in water would weigh more than one made of silver. The experiment was done and the goldsmith（金匠）was found guilty（有罪的）of trying to cheat the king.

1. A good title for this section is__________.

A. Archimedes　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  B. Archimedes Principle

C. A Gold and Silver Crown　　　　 　　　　　　   D. The King of Syracuse

2. The word “immersed” in the second paragraph means__________.

A. raised　　  　　　　    B. lifted　　  　　　　　　  C. underwater　　      D. rose

3. From this section we may conclude（推断）that the king's crown__________.

A. moved more water than pure gold of the same weight

B. moved less water than pure gold of the same weight

C. moved more water than pure gold of the same size

D. moved less water than pure gold of the same size

4. The following sentences tell what happened many years ago. Which is the right order of the events（事件）?

a. Archimedes took a bath.

b. Archimedes discovered his principle.

c. The king of Syracuse asked him to solve a problem.

d. Archimedes did the experiment on the crown.

A. b c a d　　  　　　　   B. c a b d　　  　　　　   C. c a d b　　  　　　　   D. b c d a

 

阅读理解

阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A，B，C和D)中，选出最佳选项．

　　In the United States everyone has the right to have a trial (审判) by jury(陪审团). If a person is charged with a crime(罪行) he says he did not do. He may have a trial. He is brought before a jury made up of twelve people. The members of the jury listen to facts about the crime. They decide whether the person is guilty(有罪的) or not guilty.

　　Long ago in England, people did not have trials by jury. Other ways were used to find whether or not a person was guilty.

　　A man might have a“trial by fire”. A piece of iron was heated and placed in his hand. He held the hot iron and took three steps. Then his hand was wrapped up. At the end of three days, the hard was unwrapped. If the hand was well, the man was set free. If the hand still hurt, the man was guilty.

　　In the 1100s, trial by jury began in England. Under King Henry Ⅱ, the first juries were chosen. Slowly, trials by fire became less common. A trial by jury was a better way to decide who was guilty and who was not guilty.

1．The story does not say so, but it makes you think that ________.

[　　]

A．trial by fire is used today in Europe

B．people in England still have trial by jury

C．people who burn their hands are guilty of a crime

D．people were fairly tried in the past

2．On the whole, this story is about ________.

[　　]

3．Why did trials by jury become more common?

[　　]

A．People wanted to see what was going on.

B．People wanted a better way to decide who was guilty.

C．England wanted to use iron for other things.

D．It was not worth too much to do that.

4．Which of these sentences do you think is right?

[　　]

A．People in England have always had trial by jury.

B．A jury is chosen by the president.

C．Fair trials came about slowly.

D．People thought trials by fire was fair.

A person named Bernard Jackson today is a free man, but he has many bitter memories. He spent five years in prison after a jury (陪审团)wrongly convicted (判处…有罪) him of raping two women. At Jackson’s trial, although two witnesses testified that Jackson was with them in another location at the time of the crime, he was convicted  anyway. Why? The jury believed the testimony(证词)of the two victims, who positively identified Jackson as the man who had attacked them. The court eventually freed Jackson after the police found the real criminal.

Many factors influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. For instance, witnesses sometimes see photographs of several suspects before they try to identify the person they saw in a group of people. They can become confused by seeing many photographs of similar faces. The number of people in the group, and whether it is a person or a photograph, may also affect a witness’s decision. People sometimes have difficulty identifying people of other races. The questions the police ask witnesses also have an effect on them.

Many people believe that police officers are more reliable than ordinary people. Psychologists decided to test this idea, and they discovered that it is not true. Two psychologists showed a film of crimes to both police officers and civilians. The psychologists found no difference between the police and the civilians in correctly remembering the details of the crimes.

Despite all the possibilities for inaccuracy, courts cannot omit eyewitness testimony from a trial. American courts depend almost completely on eyewitness testimony to resolve(决定)court cases. Sometimes it is the only evidence to a crime, such as rape. Furthermore, eyewitness testimony is often correct. Although people do sometimes make mistakes, and convict innocent people, more importantly, eyewitness testimony has rightly convicted a larger number of guilty people.

American courts depend on the ability of the twelve jurors, and not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the witness’s testimony. It is their responsibility to decide if a certain witness could actually see, hear and remember what happened.

1.Bernard Jackson was found guilty and sentenced 5 years’ prison because________.

A. the victims insisted that he was the attacker

B. he admitted the crime of raping two women

C. the police discovered evidence leading to his guilt

D. the eyewitness proved the victims’ testimony

2.The following statements may be the reasons for why sometimes the eyewitness’ testimony is not accurate EXCEPT ________.

　A. the eyewitness is confused by the police’s questions

　B. the eyewitness is shown photos of many similar faces

　C. the eyewitness lacks the professional help from police

D. the eyewitness can’t identify people of other races clearly.

3.An inaccurate eyewitness testimony may lead to________.

A. the misunderstanding of the case      

B. the disbelief in the court

C. the disrespect for the eyewitness      

D. the conviction of an innocent person

4.Eyewitness testimony is important because ___________.

  A. it can be relied on to detect criminals in all cases.

  B. it is sometimes the only way to resolve court cases.

  C. it is sometimes the only clue for police investigation.

  D. it is more reliable than physical evidences to a crime.

5. According to the text, we can infer that ________.

A. eyewitness testimony is valuable, though sometimes incorrect.

B. police identification is more reliable than that of the ordinary people

C. crime victims often fail to give positive identification of the suspects

D. the jury relies on the judge than the eyewitness for a decision