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14.The Bystander Effect
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present,the less likely people are to help a person in distress.When an emergency situation occurs,observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine"Kitty"Genovese.On Friday,March 13,1964,28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work.As she approached her apartment entrance,she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
Despite Genovese's repeated calls for help,none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident.The attack first began at 3:20AM,but it was not until 3:50AM that someone first contacted police.
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies,there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years.The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society,but why exactly does it happen?Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect.First,the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility.Because there are other observers,individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action,since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways.When other observers fail to react,individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous.In the case of Kitty Genovese,many of the 38witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lover's quarrel,"and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
Characteristics of the situation can play a role.During a crisis,things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear.Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening.During such chaotic moments,people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate.When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting,it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction?Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle.When faced with a situation that requires action,understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help.However,this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
But what if you are the person in need of assistance?How can you inspire people to lend a hand?One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd.Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help.By personalizing and individualizing your request,it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.
The Bystander Effect
Passage outlineSupporting details
Concept of the
bystander effect

The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual
from becoming (71)involved/engaged in an emergency situation.

It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence(72)socialbehavior.
Typical example  In 1964,a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was
(73)endangered/threatened outside her apartment,while bystanders who observed the
crime did not step in to assist or call the police.
(74)Explanations/Reasons
for the bystander
effect

Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of (75)responsibility in
front of a large group of people.

Before deciding to offer help,observers may want to make(76)sure/certain that
it is appropriate to react.Besides,there is a natural (77)tendency for people
to follow the crowd before the situation is clear.
(78)Prevention/Precautions/Avoidance of
the bystander
effect

You should realize or know the (79)existenceof the bystander effect and take
measures to get rid of it.

When in need of help,you should (80)choose/select/pick one from the crowd,which
Will increase your chance of getting your request across and being helped.

分析 本文主要介绍了一场事故中,如果围观者很多,可能没有人会出来帮忙,这就是旁观者效应.文章探讨了这个效应并且提供了避免它发生的办法.

解答 71.involved/engaged 信息转换题.根据第一段When an emergency situation occurs,observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.可知当有很多人在场的时候,个人就不会被牵连到一个事故中去,这样就会产生旁观者效应.故填involved/engaged.
72.social 信息提取题.根据第四段The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society,可知旁观者效应对人们的社会行为有影响.故填social.
73.endangered/threatened 信息提取题.根据第二段As she approached her apartment entrance,she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.可知这个女孩被威胁与攻击,和处于危险之中.故填endangered/threatened.
74.Explanations/Reasons信息转换题.根据第五段There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect.可知后面的格子内都是旁观者效应产生的原因.故填Explanations/Reasons.   
75.responsibility 信息提取题.根据第五段the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility.可知当有很多人的时候,人们就不会感到有责任感了.故填responsibility.
76.sure/certain 信息转换题.根据第六段When other observers fail to react,individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.可知在开始行动之前,旁观者会确定这是一个良好的时机.故填sure/certain. 
77.tendency 信息提取题.根据第七段When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting,it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.以及第八段Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle可知当有很多人的时候人们有一种随大流的趋势.故填tendency.
78.Prevention/Precautions/Avoidance 信息转换题.根据第八段So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction?可知是要阻止这种效应的发生.故填Prevention/Precautions/Avoidance. 
79.existence 信息转换题.根据第八段understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help.可知你要知道这个效应的存在并且摆脱它.故填existence.
80.choose/select/pick 信息提取题.根据最后一段One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd.可知当你需要帮助的时候,应该从人群中挑选一个最有可能接受你的请求的人.故填choose/select/pick.

点评 本文考察学生的综合概括能力. 在理解文章整体的情况下,准确筛选出相关信息,找出其中的关键词,进行填空.

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