考点1.被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（助动词有人称、数和时态的变化）

1).一般现在时：is /am /are +过去分词

English is spoken by many people.

Tea is grown in Southeast China.

Are they made in China ?

Where is it made ?

2).一般过去时：was / were +过去分词

A lot of flowers were planted along the street last month.

Another classroom building was built last year .

Some new computers were inverted by scientists.

3).现在进行时：is / am /are + being+过去分词

A new bridge is being built over there .

The flowers are being watered by Mr Li now .

4).现在完成时：have / has +been+过去分词

Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries in the world.

The work has been finished on time.

5).一般将来时：will /shall/be going to+be+过去分词

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The wind will be stopped from blowing the earth away.

6).含有情态动词的被动语态：can /may /must +过去分词

The work can be finished in a month.

A large hole must be dug .

Books can’t be taken out of the reading room .

考点2、主动语态变被动语态

1).主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。（宾语是人称代词时，要将宾格变为主格）

2).主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。

3).主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后，在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。

4).主动语态变为被动语态，时态要保持一致。

We repaired the motor.→The motor was repaired by us.

考点3、被动语态的用法

1).当我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时.

Those books are written for children.

This jacket is made of cotton.

2).动作的承受者是谈话的中心，并用介词by引导动作的执行者。

Food is needed by us all .

The room is cleaned by me every day .

The book was translated into English by me .

This song was written by a friend of mine .

The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .

The tree was blown down by the strong wind .

3).一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可用于被动结构中，因此短语动词是一个不可分割的词组，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。

The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .

Why can’t the word be looked up in this dictionary?

The lights must be turned off .

A short play will be put on at the party .

4).带双宾语（即直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动语态变为被动语态时，可将其中的一个宾语变为被动句的主语，另一个不变。一般把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语显得自然些，把直接宾语留作被动句的宾语。如果把直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则要在间接宾语前加介词（一般是for或to）

He gave me a book. →I was given a book (by him )

                   →A book was given to me (by him).

5).主动句中动词make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式都需去掉to，即后接不带的动词不定式。但变为被动语态时，后面的不定式须加上to .

I often hear her sing .→She is often heard to sing.

His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.

→He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.

6).疑问词作主语的句子变为被动语态。

Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago ?

→By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago ?

Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago?

7)有些动词的主动语态表被动含义。

Great changes have taken place in our country since 1979.

This kind of car sells well .

What happened yesterday ?

The shop opens at seven .

Young trees need watering well .

The window wants repairing.

8)need , require , want当“需要”讲时，后加动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，也可用动词不定式表示被动意义。

This desk needs repairing/ to be repaired .

9)有些被动语态结构成了习惯用法。

It is said that…据说……

It is (was) reported that…据报道……

It is well-known that…众所周知……

非谓语动词也叫动词的非限定形式，包括现在分词、动名词、过去分词和不定式，它们不能独立充当谓语动词，而是与一定的助动词结合构成进行时、完成时、被动语态，或在句子中担任主语、表语、宾语、补语、状语等，在形式上不受主语的人称和数的制约。

考点1、动名词：动名词是由动词+ -ing构成的，其作用相当于名词，可用来作主语、宾语。

Taking a walk after supper is good for your health .

Betty likes reading books very much .

考点2、动词不定式：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，它还具有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。它的形式是to+动词原形，否定式为not to+动词原形。

(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语（it无词义），而将动词不定式放在后面，其形式为：It+be+形容词+（for sb.）+ 动词不定式

To learn a foreign language is important now.

→It is important to learn a foreign language.

It’s necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.

It’s too heavy for the boy to carry the box. .

It takes him a quarter to cut the hair .

(2)作宾语和宾语补足语

①动词不定式一般不作介词宾语，常作及物动词的宾语，这些动词有want,begin ,start , like ,forget ,ask ,learn, decide , wish等

The boy wants to go to school.

He began to learn French three years ago .

②动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语用得很广泛，如：

He asked me to help him.

Tell him not to be late .

My parents tell me to study English hard .

I would like you to meet my English teacher .

③动词不定式在感官动词see,watch,hear,feel和使役动词let, make,have等词后作宾语补足语时，常省去不定式符号to 。另外在had better后也不带to ，help后可带可不带to .

I hear him sing every night .

Let’s go to school together .

Her mother makes her do her homework every evening .

You’d better stay at home .

I often help my mother (to) do some washing .

④疑问词+不定式作宾语，如：

He didn’t know where he should go .

→He didn’t know where to go .

I don’t know what I should do .

→I don’t know what to do .

We haven’t decided when we’ll leave here .

→We haven’t decided when to leave here .

(3)作表语，在系动词之后作表语

Her work is to look after the babies.

(4)作定语，动词不定式作定语，需放在被修饰的名词之后。

   I have quite a lot of homework to do .

(5)作状语，表示目的、原因、结果

   He came here to see his father .

   I’m sorry to hear that .

   Tom is too young to go to school.