Certain animals know without analysis the difference between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne (1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a kind of bird Plover’s nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He notes that other kinds of birds ignore the loss of a single egg, but if more than one egg has been removed, they will give up their nests. It has also been noted that a certain type of bees always provides five—never four, never six—caterpillars (毛虫) for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when the eggs have hatched out. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish between odd (奇数) and even (偶数) numbers of food pieces.
These have led some people to think that creatures can actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to questions about numbers with the correct number of barks.
Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survive as in the case of the eggs, or survive as in the case of food. They can “count” only when the objects are present and only when the numbers involved are small—no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments, animals which are trained to count one kind of objects were unable to count any other type. What interests them are the objects, not the numbers. Animals’ achievements simply are not equal to evidence of counting. They only show the results of clever, careful training.
【小题1】The author refers to Gilbert’s book in paragraph 1 in order to_______.

Certain animals know without analysis the difference between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne (1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a kind of bird Plover’s nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He notes that other kinds of birds ignore the loss of a single egg, but if more than one egg has been removed, they will give up their nests. It has also been noted that a certain type of bees always provides five—never four, never six—caterpillars (毛虫) for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when the eggs have hatched out. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish between odd (奇数) and even (偶数) numbers of food pieces.

These have led some people to think that creatures can actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to questions about numbers with the correct number of barks.

Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survive as in the case of the eggs, or survive as in the case of food. They can “count” only when the objects are present and only when the numbers involved are small—no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments, animals which are trained to count one kind of objects were unable to count any other type. What interests them are the objects, not the numbers. Animals’ achievements simply are not equal to evidence of counting. They only show the results of clever, careful training.

1.The author refers to Gilbert’s book in paragraph 1 in order to_______.

A．support the idea that animals can count

B．show attitudes have changed since 1786

C．prove that some animals are aware of quantities

D．indicate that more research is needed in this field

2.The author mentions all of the following are aware of quantities in some way EXCEPT _______.

A．caterpillars                            B．bees

C．mice                                 D．plovers

3.The underlined word “surreptitiously” probably means _______.

A．quickly                               B．carefully

C．occasionally                           D．secretly

4.Where does this text probably come from?

A．A news report.                         B．A science fiction.

C．A park guide.                           D．A biology magazine.

Certain animals know without analysis the difference between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne (1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a kind of bird Plover’s nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He notes that other kinds of birds ignore the loss of a single egg, but if more than one egg has been removed, they will give up their nests. It has also been noted that a certain type of bees always provides five—never four, never six—caterpillars (毛虫) for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when the eggs have hatched out. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish between odd (奇数) and even (偶数) numbers of food pieces.
These have led some people to think that creatures can actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to questions about numbers with the correct number of barks.
Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survive as in the case of the eggs, or survive as in the case of food. They can “count” only when the objects are present and only when the numbers involved are small—no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments, animals which are trained to count one kind of objects were unable to count any other type. What interests them are the objects, not the numbers. Animals’ achievements simply are not equal to evidence of counting. They only show the results of clever, careful training

1. 1.

   The author refers to Gilbert’s book in paragraph 1 in order to_______

   1. A.
      support the idea that animals can count
   2. B.
      show attitudes have changed since 1786
   3. C.
      prove that some animals are aware of quantities
   4. D.
      indicate that more research is needed in this field
2. 2.

   The author mentions all of the following are aware of quantities in some way EXCEPT _______

   1. A.
      caterpillars
   2. B.
      bees
   3. C.
      mice
   4. D.
      plovers
3. 3.

   The underlined word “surreptitiously” probably means _______

   1. A.
      quickly
   2. B.
      carefully
   3. C.
      occasionally
   4. D.
      secretly
4. 4.

   Where does this text probably come from?

   1. A.
      A news report
   2. B.
      A science fiction
   3. C.
      A park guide
   4. D.
      A biology magazine

　　Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at Shadwell in Albemarle

County, Virginia. A member of the Continental Congress（大陆会议）, he was the author of the Declaration of Independence（独立宣言）at the age of 33.

　　After American independence was won, Jefferson worked for the revision（修改）of the laws of his home state of Virginia, to make them accordant with（符合）the spirit of freedoms in the new Constitution of the United States.

　　Although he had drafted（起草）the state's Bill for Establishing Religious Free dom（宗教自由法案）in 1777, it was not passed in the state. In January 1786, the bill was reintroduced and, with the support of James Madison, passed as An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom.

　　In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated his old friend John Adams to become the third president of the new United Stales. The last years of his life were spent in retirement at Monticello, during which period he founded, designed, and directed the building of the University of Virginia.

　　Jurist（法学家）, diplomat（外交家）, writer, philosopher, architect（建筑师）, gardener, Thomas Jefferson requested that only three of his many accomplishments be noted on his tomb：

　　Author of the Declaration of American Independence

　　Author of the Virginia Statute（法令）for Religious Freedom

　　And Father of the University of Virginia

(1) The Declaration of Independence was declared____________.

[　　]

(2) The Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom was at last passed ___________.

[　　]

(3) He____________ after the Declaration of Independence was won.

[　　]

A．began to draft the state's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

B．began to revise the laws of his home state of Virginia

C．began his preparations for the presidential election

D．began to design a university in his home state

(4) ___________ founded the University of Virginia.

[　　]

(5) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

[　　]

A．He helped his friend John Adams to become the third president in history.

B．The Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom wasn't passed at all.

C．As the third president of the USA, he founded the University of Virginia.

D．He was a member of the Continental Congress and the third president of the USA.