Nations plan next steps to end global warming
On December 3，more than 10,000 scientists, environmental activists and government officials from 187 countries met in Bali, Indonesia, which is the largest global warming conference ever held.
One of the main goals of the two-week meeting is to develop a replacement for the international treaty called the Kyoto Protocol, which has been signed by 174, countries, calling for limits on the emission of greenhouse gases.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, nations were legally bound to reduce greenhouse gases, but since it was signed in 2005, they have continued to increase worldwide. Of the largest greenhouse gas emitters, only Russia and Japan have agreed to follow me rules. China and India－second and sixth on the list－are making efforts to make cuts.
The U.S signed the treaty in 1997 but has not yet agreed to follow the strict rules, which require that greenhouse gas release be reduced by 10% by 2012. U.S. officials are opposed to these mandatory（强制性的），or required, cuts in emissions. "We’re worrying that it would be too costly and would hurt the U.S. economy. But we're not here to be a roadblock," said Harlan L. Watson, a top U.S. climate official.
Even if greenhouse gases are reduced, scientists say it will take decades or longer to stop the global warming that is already underway. To help poor countries deal with rising temperatures and climate changes, the UN has developed the "Adaptation Fund" to help them improve farming techniques and water systems.
But so far, it has only raised $67 million.
"The money should come from the countries most responsible and most capable," said Kate Raworth, a senior research official from the Oxfam International aid group. She listed the U.S., European Union, Japan, Australia and Canada.
【小题1】 The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 3 refers to“_____”.

A．greenhouse gases

B．the countries which have signed the treaty.

C．people who are against the treaty

D．the measures taken to reduce greenhouse gases

【小题2】 By saying "But we’re not here to be a roadblock", Harlan L. Watson wants to say that_____．

A．the U.S will be a roadblock to the global economy

B．the U.S has realized that some action must be taken

C．the U.S refused to follow the rules of the Kyoto Protocol

D．the U.S thinks this conference of no importance

【小题3】According to Kate Raworth, the "Adaptation Fund" should come from all the following EXCEPT______．

A．Japan

B．European Union

C．India

D．Canada

【小题4】Why did U.S officials not agree to make effort to reduce greenhouse gases?

A．Because the greenhouse gases they emitted are not so harmful.

B．Because they fear that it would affect the U.S economy.

C．Because they shouldn’t be responsible for global warming.

D．Because they think these gases won’t cause global warming_____.

【小题5】We can learn from the passage that_____.

A．the conference will last a fortnight

B．the U.S hasn’t signed the Kyoto Protocol.

C．many manufacturers attended the conference

D．the global warming will be stopped as soon as greenhouse gases are reduced

Nations plan next steps to end global warming

On December 3，more than 10,000 scientists, environmental activists and government officials from 187 countries met in Bali, Indonesia, which is the largest global warming conference ever held.

One of the main goals of the two-week meeting is to develop a replacement for the international treaty called the Kyoto Protocol, which has been signed by 174, countries, calling for limits on the emission of greenhouse gases.

Under the Kyoto Protocol, nations were legally bound to reduce greenhouse gases, but since it was signed in 2005, they have continued to increase worldwide. Of the largest greenhouse gas emitters, only Russia and Japan have agreed to follow me rules. China and India－second and sixth on the list－are making efforts to make cuts.

The U.S signed the treaty in 1997 but has not yet agreed to follow the strict rules, which require that greenhouse gas release be reduced by 10% by 2012. U.S. officials are opposed to these mandatory（强制性的），or required, cuts in emissions. "We’re worrying that it would be too costly and would hurt the U.S. economy. But we're not here to be a roadblock," said Harlan L. Watson, a top U.S. climate official.

Even if greenhouse gases are reduced, scientists say it will take decades or longer to stop the global warming that is already underway. To help poor countries deal with rising temperatures and climate changes, the UN has developed the "Adaptation Fund" to help them improve farming techniques and water systems.

But so far, it has only raised $67 million.

"The money should come from the countries most responsible and most capable," said Kate Raworth, a senior research official from the Oxfam International aid group. She listed the U.S., European Union, Japan, Australia and Canada.

The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 3 refers to“_____”.

A. greenhouse gases

B. the countries which have signed the treaty.

C. people who are against the treaty

D. the measures taken to reduce greenhouse gases

By saying "But we’re not here to be a roadblock", Harlan L. Watson wants to say that_____．

A. the U.S will be a roadblock to the global economy

B. the U.S has realized that some action must be taken

C. the U.S refused to follow the rules of the Kyoto Protocol

D. the U.S thinks this conference of no importance

According to Kate Raworth, the "Adaptation Fund" should come from all the following EXCEPT______．

A. Japan      B. European Union     C. India       D. Canada

Why did U.S officials not agree to make effort to reduce greenhouse gases?

A. Because the greenhouse gases they emitted are not so harmful.

B. Because they fear that it would affect the U.S economy.

C. Because they shouldn’t be responsible for global warming.

D. Because they think these gases won’t cause global warming_____.

We can learn from the passage that_____.

A. the conference will last a fortnight

B. the U.S hasn’t signed the Kyoto Protocol.

C. many manufacturers attended the conference

D. the global warming will be stopped as soon as greenhouse gases are reduced                                    

Nations plan next steps to end global warming

On December 3，more than 10,000 scientists, environmental activists and government officials from 187 countries met in Bali, Indonesia, which is the largest global warming conference ever held.

One of the main goals of the two-week meeting is to develop a replacement for the international treaty called the Kyoto Protocol, which has been signed by 174, countries, calling for limits on the emission of greenhouse gases.

Under the Kyoto Protocol, nations were legally bound to reduce greenhouse gases, but since it was signed in 2005, they have continued to increase worldwide. Of the largest greenhouse gas emitters, only Russia and Japan have agreed to follow me rules. China and India－second and sixth on the list－are making efforts to make cuts.

The U.S signed the treaty in 1997 but has not yet agreed to follow the strict rules, which require that greenhouse gas release be reduced by 10% by 2012. U.S. officials are opposed to these mandatory（强制性的），or required, cuts in emissions. "We’re worrying that it would be too costly and would hurt the U.S. economy. But we're not here to be a roadblock," said Harlan L. Watson, a top U.S. climate official.

Even if greenhouse gases are reduced, scientists say it will take decades or longer to stop the global warming that is already underway. To help poor countries deal with rising temperatures and climate changes, the UN has developed the "Adaptation Fund" to help them improve farming techniques and water systems.

But so far, it has only raised $67 million.

"The money should come from the countries most responsible and most capable," said Kate Raworth, a senior research official from the Oxfam International aid group. She listed the U.S., European Union, Japan, Australia and Canada.

1. The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 3 refers to“_____”.

A．greenhouse gases

B．the countries which have signed the treaty.

C．people who are against the treaty

D．the measures taken to reduce greenhouse gases

2. By saying "But we’re not here to be a roadblock", Harlan L. Watson wants to say that_____．

A．the U.S will be a roadblock to the global economy

B．the U.S has realized that some action must be taken

C．the U.S refused to follow the rules of the Kyoto Protocol

D．the U.S thinks this conference of no importance

3.According to Kate Raworth, the "Adaptation Fund" should come from all the following EXCEPT______．

A．Japan

B．European Union

C．India

D．Canada

4.Why did U.S officials not agree to make effort to reduce greenhouse gases?

A．Because the greenhouse gases they emitted are not so harmful.

B．Because they fear that it would affect the U.S economy.

C．Because they shouldn’t be responsible for global warming.

D．Because they think these gases won’t cause global warming_____.

5.We can learn from the passage that_____.

A．the conference will last a fortnight

B．the U.S hasn’t signed the Kyoto Protocol.

C．many manufacturers attended the conference

D．the global warming will be stopped as soon as greenhouse gases are reduced

 

　　If we wish to write an equation for the chemical reaction between the elements phosphorus and oxygen, we begin with the formulae for the molecules of phosphorus and oxygen．

　　P4 (s) + O2 (g)--->　　　　[※s = solid , g = gas ．]

　　Again, we state the formulae of the molecules which react;by writing P4 and O2, we indicate or show that a molecule of phosphorus has four atoms, while a molecule of oxygen has two atoms ．

　　The product of this reaction is the compound phosphorus oxide:

　　P4 (s) + O2 (g)--->　　　　P4O10 (s)

　　Again wesee that a chemical unit of the new compound has two types of atoms． Each chemical unit contains or has four phosphorus atoms and ten oxygen atoms． This equation correctly gives the formulae of the reactants and the products, but, as it is written, mass is not conserved or kept． Only two atoms of oxygen enter the reaction, but ten atoms of oxygen appear in the product． This equation cannot be correct． Ten atoms of oxygen must have come from five molecules of oxygen． So we must make the following correction:

　　P4 (s) + 5O2 (g)---> P4O10 (s)

　　Now the mass of oxygen is conserved;all the oxygen atoms in the product are present in the reactants．

　　Now the equation is correct． Mass is conserved, and both the reactants and the products are shown by correct formulae． This process or step by which we explain all the atoms in a reaction, and so show that mass is conserved or kept throughout the reaction, is called balancing a chemical equation． A chemical equation is not correctly written until it shows that the reactants and products obey or keep to the Law of Conservation of Mass． This law of chemistry states or says that: In an ordinary chemical reaction, atoms are neither created (= newly made) nor destroyed．

　　In many cases or very often, both the reactants and the products of chemical reactions are compounds． But, as always, the reaction results in a rearrangement or replacing of the atoms in the reactants to form new substances or things． For example, copper (II) oxide will react with hydrochloric acid to produce a salt, copper(II) chloride, and water．

　　CuO(s) + HCl (2q)---Cucl2(aq) + H2O (1)

　　[※aq = aqua/‘æ kw¶ / =liquid solution溶液;l = liquid ．]

　　Since we know the reactants and the products, we begin our equation by writing correct formulae for these compounds． Then we check or examine to see whether the Law of Conservation of Mass has been observed． We can see immediately that it has not, for two atoms of chlorine appear in the products while only one atom of chlorine is shown in the reactants． So we balance the numbers of chlorine atoms and check again．

　　CuO(s) + 2HCl (2q)---CuCl2(aq) + H2O (l)

　　Now the equation is correct． It tells us that each compound has two different types of atoms． During the reaction, these atoms have “changed patterns”, so to speak, and new arrangements have been formed to produce different compounds．

　　We have seen that elements may react with one another to form compounds, and since compounds may also react with one another to form new substances, the number and variety of chemical reactions which may occur are almost limitless． Chemical equations are a type of chemical shorthand which we use to show these reactions, but they do not tell us what will happen when elements or compounds react． We can write a correct equation only if we know both the reactants and the products． Suppose you knew that the element zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a salt, zinc chloride, and the element hydrogen． You would begin the chemical equation by writing correct formulae to show the chemical units of the reactants and the products:

　　Zn(s) + HC1(aq) ® ZnCl2 (aq) +H2(g)

　　Correct formulae for the chemical units of both elements and compounds are necessary． (All the common gases have two atoms per molecule, and you are fairly safe in supposing that most other elements have only one atom per molecule． However, you have seen a few exceptions to this rule earlier in the chemistry book you learned at school．) If you are satisfied that your formulae are correct, balance the equation to show that the Law of Conservation of Mass is observed during the reaction． In our example you can see that the two atoms of hydrogen and the two atoms of chlorine in the chemical units of the products must have come from two chemical units of the reactant, hydrochloric acid．

　　We show this fact as follows:

　　Zn(s) + 2HC1(aq) ® ZnCl2 (aq) +H2(g)

1．Which of the following is a correct equation?

A．P4B． P4O10 C． P4 + O2 ---> P4O10　　D． P4 + 5O2 ---> P4O10

2．Which of the following is an element?

A．P B． P4O10　　C． H2O D． CuO + 2HCl ---> Cucl2 + H2O

3．P4 shows that it 　　　　 ．

A．has four atoms　　B． is a new compound

C．is the formula of an element D． contains or has ten oxygen atoms

4．Whichof the following is a reactant in a chemical reaction?

A．P4O10 in P4 + 5O2 ---> P4O10　　B． O2 in P4 + O2 --->

C．CuO in CuO + 2HCl---> CuCl2 + H2O

D．H2 in Zn + 2HC1 ---> ZnCl2 +H2

5．Which of the following is NOT correct?

A．ZnS + HCl ---> ZnCl2 +H2S　　B． P4 + 5O2 ---> P4O10

C．CuO + 2HCl---> CuCl2 + H2O　　D． Zn + 2HCl---> ZnCl2 +H2

6．Matter is made up of 　　　　　　　　 ．

A．substances　　B． reactants and products

C．elements and compounds　　D． equations

7．Which of the following sayings is true?

A．Most elements have only one atom each．

B．Most gases have only one atom each．

C．Almost all elements have two atoms each．

D．Almost all gases or gas elements have two atoms each．

8．What quantities are the same on both sides of a chemical equation?

A．Molecule quantities　　B． Atom quantities．

C．Reactant quantities and product quantities． D． Element quantities．

9．The difference between a compound and an element is that 　　 ．

A．they have different number of atoms each

B．they have different quality of atoms each

C．the element has the same kind of atoms while the compound has not

D．the element is made up of atoms while the compound is not

10．How many molecules of sodium would be required to produce six molecules of hydrogen according to the following equation?

　　2Na + 2H2O ---> 2NaOH + H2

A．6．　　B．8．　　C．10．　　 D．12．

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中，选出最佳选项。

　　Washington D.C.—with its long, tree lined avenues , white markable buildings , and many parks—looks more specious and handsome than many United States cities. One reason for this is that Washington was designed from the beginning to be a capital city.

　　In 1790, the U. S. Congress decided that the new federal government should have its capital in a federal district—a place that is not part of any state. George Washington selected the site, and the name “District of Columbia” was chosen in honor of Christopher Columbus. The district occupies an area of 174 square kilometers (67 square miles) on the northeastern shore of the Potomac River, between the states of Maryland and Virginia.

　　As the capital and political center of the United States , Washington today is one of the country's most important cities. It is the city where the national legislators (立法官) meet to make laws, where the president carries out the laws, and where the country's highest court meets to judge questions about the laws.

　　Washington has six universities and several colleges. Georgetown University, founded in 1789 by the Jesuit order, is the oldest Catholic college in the United States. Howard University was founded by the federal government shortly after the Civil War as a school of higher learning for freed slaves. Now it is a university with an international enrollment (注册). George Washington University was founded in 1821, Catholic University in 1887, and the American University in 1893. The University of the District of Columbia was formed by the merger (合并) in 1975 of the Washington Technical Institute, Federal City College, and Miner College. Gallaudet College, the world's first college for the deaf, was founded in 1857.

　　In 1971, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts was completed, just upstream from the Lincoln Memorial. The center provides Washington with a theater, concert hall, and opera house under one roof. It also houses the American Film Institute.

　　Washington has many fine galleries and museums, including the National Museum of American History, the National Air & Space Museum, the National Archives, the Natural History Museum, the National Gallery of Art , the Museum of African Art, and the Renwick, Freer, Corcoran, and Phillips galleries.

1．Why does Washington D.C looks more specious than many other cities in America?

[　　]

A．Because it was designed by Washington.

B．Because Christopher Columbus once lived there.

C．Because of its long history.

D．Because its capital avenues and buildings.

2．Which statement is not true?

[　　]

A．Georgetown University is the first Catholic college in America.

B．The passage mentioned 6 universities and colleges in Washington.

C．The first college for the deaf in the world has been for about 150 years.

D．Howard University was founded only for the American blacks then.

3．What doesn't it mention about Washington in the article?

[　　]

4．Which of the following maps marks the correct location(位置) of Washington city?

M= Maryland V= Virginia W= Washington P= the Potomac River

[　　]