78. In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________.
A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success.
B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance
C. she acquires the magic of some great achievement
D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write
77. By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could .
A. come to understand the inner structure of writing
B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday
C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes
D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security
Passage 1
(09·上海D篇)
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, he delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems-how do I get characters into a room-dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.
76. The passage mainly deals with .
A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer
B. the relationship between genius and success
C. the decisive factor in making a genius
D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction
24.(娄底)结合下列图示装置,回答有关问题:
(1)写出图中标有字母的仪器名称:a 48 b 49 ?
(2)上述装置可用于实验室制取和收集某些气体:
①如果用高锰酸钾制氧气,应选用的发生装置是 50 (填序号),反应的化学方程
式 51 ,所选发生装置中还缺少 52 。
②若B中装有石灰石和稀盐酸,则该装置可用于制取 53 气体,收集该气体可选用 54 装置,检验该气体是否收满的方法是 55 。
答案:48. 试管 49. 集气瓶 50. A 51. 2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑ 52一团棉花 53. 二氧化碳(或CO2) 54. D 55. 用燃着的小木条放在集气瓶口
23.(黄冈)在初中的学习中我们掌握了氧气、氢气、二氧化碳的制取和收集方法。某校化学兴趣小组的同学,按规范的操作要求,运用合理的装置在实验室制取了这些气体。下图是他们实验中用过的仪器。请回答下列问题:
(1)指出下列仪器名称:
③________;⑤__________。
(2)将玻璃管插入橡皮塞中的操作方法是:_______________________
_________________________。
(3)小明同学在制取气体时使用的仪器是
①③④⑤⑦⑩,他制取的气体是_________;
(4)小兰同学成功地制取并收集了一瓶氢气,则她一定不会使用上图仪器中的_______(填序号)。
(5)小芳同学顺利地制取并收集了一瓶二氧化碳,已知她使用了仪器②⑥,那么她还需使用上图仪器中的_______________(填序号)。
答案:(1) 试管 集气瓶 (2)先把要插入橡皮塞的玻璃管的一端用水润湿,然后稍稍用力转动,使它插入 (3)O2 (4)④ (5)⑤⑨(或⑤⑨⑩)
22.(莆田)下图是实验室制取常见气体的装置,请回答
下列有关问题:
(1)指出A装置中的任意一种仪器名称_________。
(2)佳佳同学用A装置制取氧气时,加入的固体
药品是___________,在加入该药品之前,应先
检查装置的_____________。
(3)丽丽同学用B装置与C装置组合可制取的气体是
__________(任填一种),写出用此装置产生该气体的化学方程式____________________________。
(4)甲烷在实验室里可用排水法或向下排空气法收集,请你根据甲烷的收集方法,推测该气体具有的性质是_________________________。
答案:(1)酒精灯(或试管或铁架台)(合理即可) (2)高锰酸钾(或KMnO4) 气密性
(3)O2(或CO2)(填名称也可)
|
(4)甲烷密度比空气小,难溶于水(或甲烷密度比空气小,难溶子水且不与水反应)
21.(南平)结合以下实验室制取气体的常用装置回答问题:
(1)写出标号仪器的名称:① ;② 。
(2)实验室用过氧化氢溶液与二氧化锰固体混合制取氧气时,应选用的发生装置是 (填序号,下同),收集装置是 ,反应的化学方程式为 。
(3)能用C装置收集的气体,必须具备的性质是 。
答案:(1) ①试管 ②集气瓶 (2) B D(或E) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2↑
(3) 密度比空气小且不与空气中的物质反应
20.(福州)实验室制取气体的装置如图7所示,根据所学的知识回答下列问题。
(1)图中标有①、②的仪器名称:① ;② 。
(2)写出用装置A制氧气的一个化学方程式 。
A装置中试管口略向下倾斜的目的是 。
(3) 写出用石灰石和稀盐酸制取二氧化碳的化学方程式 ,可选用图中 和 (填标号)组装一套制取二氧化碳的装置。检验二氧化碳集满的方法是 。
答案:(1) ①长颈漏斗 ②集气瓶 (2)2KMnO4K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 ↑ 防止冷凝水倒流引起试管破裂 (3)CaCO3+2HCl===CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑ B C 用燃着的木条放在集气瓶口,观察燃着木条是否熄灭。
19.(徐州)化学实验是学习化学的基础,请根据下列装置图回答问题。
A B C
(1)写出仪器a、b的名称_______;b_______。
(2)写出A图中产生气体的化学方程式____________________________。
(3)B图中,把二氧化碳气体慢慢倒入放有燃着的蜡烛的烧杯中,下层蜡烛先灭,说明二氧化碳具有_______、_______和_______性质。这一性质在实际生活中的应用为_______。
(4)C图中螺旋状铁丝的末端系一根火柴的作用是_______。
(5)小明按C图实验时,集气瓶炸裂了,其可能的原因是_______。
(6)小明对铁丝在氧气中燃烧为什么会火星四射进行探究。下表是他将纯镁条和不同含碳量的铁丝(镁条和铁丝直径均为0.4mm)放入氧气中燃烧时的实验现象的记录。请你分析回答:
物质 |
镁条 |
含碳0.05%的铁丝 |
含碳0.2%的铁丝 |
含碳0.6%的铁丝 |
燃烧时 的现象 |
剧烈燃烧,发出 耀眼白光,无火星 |
剧烈燃烧 极少火星 |
剧烈燃烧 少量火星 |
(未填) |
答案:(1)长颈漏斗;锥形瓶 (2)CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O (3)不可燃、不支持燃烧、密度比空气大;灭火 (4)引燃铁丝 (5)燃着的铁丝碰到集气瓶壁等 (6)①剧烈燃烧,火星四射②铁丝中含有的碳引起的
17.(南京)根据下列装置图.回答有关问题:
(1)写出装置中标号仪器的名称:① ;② 。
(2)实验室用高锰酸钾制取氧气,可选用的发生装置是 (填字母)。
(3)写出实验室用过氧化氢溶液和二氧化锰制取氧气的化学方程式 ,
并据此选择上图中 (填字母)组装一套制取于燥氧气的装置,收集氧气时,验满
的方法是 。
答案:(1)试管 长颈漏斗(2)B (3)2H2O2eq \o(\s\up 7(MnO2===== 2H2O+O2↑ CDE 将带火星的木条放在集气瓶口,观察到木条复燃
2118.(泰州)如图是实验室常用的两个气体制备、收集、净化的多种功能装置。
(1)若制备的气体是氢气,且产生的气体中不含酸性杂质气
体,则试剂X常用 ▲ ,用图示放置的乙装置收集
氢气,A应与 ▲ (填“B”或“C”)相连。
(2)若制备的气体是氧气,Y是黑色粉末,则甲中反应的化学
方程式为 ▲ 。若A、C相连制取氧气,检
验气密性后,还须将装置乙 ▲ 。
(3)若X是稀盐酸、Y是石灰石,用甲、乙两装置组成发生、 甲 乙
净化、收集CO2气体的系列装置。若乙中放入饱和NaHCO3溶液,该溶液的作用是除去 ▲ ;若乙中放入浓硫酸,浓硫酸的作用是 ▲ 。
答案:(1) 稀硫酸 C (2) 2H2O2 ==== 2H2O+ O2↑ 装满水或倒立 (3) 除氯化氢气体 干燥气体或除去水蒸气
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