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4.How would we travel without maps?It would be a bit adventurous (冒险的) to set off from Oxford University to go to London Bridge if there wasn't a map of the London Underground at each station.In fact,a lot of the early map-makers were adventurers and explorers,especially in the 15th and 16th centuries.
So what did people do before there were maps?Well,it was quite easy to use natural signs like mountains and rivers if you were travelling on foot or riding a horse.People took small boats down rivers and followed coastlines.And it was much more logical (合理的) to use time,not distance,to measure (计量) journeys:the next village is a three-hour ride,for example.
In fact,in the earliest maps,people didn't draw landmarks.They drew the stars.It was very easy to see the night sky and use it for navigation (航行).The sky was a lot clearer before the light pollution from cities that we have today.When towns and cities were built,people drew road maps which gave correct distances and directions.
The London Underground was opened in 1863and it also used a road map style.But a man called Henry Beck realized that travelling by train wasn't the same as driving your car across London.Passengers only needed to know which stations to change at.His new design (设计) for the Underground map wasn't very popular with the train companies at first.But the passengers loved it and in 1933,700,000copies were printed.
These days,of course,you can ride a bike,drive a car or go through a forest and know where you are exactly,using a GPS.It's really difficult to get lost!
77.What was drawn in the earliest maps?A
A.Stars.B.Landmarks.
C.Cities and towns,D.Mountains and rivers.
78.When did road maps come out?D
A.Around 15th and 16th centuries.B.When people began to travel by train.
C.When people began to travel by sea.D.When cities and towns appeared.
79.Which of the following is true?B
A.A GPS helped people to travel long time ago.
B.Ancient people could travel on a horse without maps.
C.The sky was polluted by light before cities were built.
D.Henry Beck's map wasn't popular with the passengers.
80.What is the main idea of the passage?A
A.Maps have a long history.B.We never get lost these days.
C.We can't travel without maps.D.Henry Beck designed a new map.

分析 本文是一篇说明文.文章主要围绕地图进行讲述,内容包括地图的用途,地图何时被使用,在没有地图的时候,人们怎么旅游和判断方向等.

解答 77 A 细节理解题.根据第三段第一句和第二句In fact,in the earliest maps,people didn't draw landmarks.They drew the stars事实上,在最早的地图上,人们没有画路标,而是画了星星.故答案是A.
78 D 细节理解题.根据第三段最后一句"When towns and cities were built,people drew road maps which gave correct distances and directions."城镇建成后,人们画出了正确的距离和方向的路线图.故答案是D.
79 B 推断理解题.根据第二段第二句."it was quite easy to use natural signs like mountains and rivers if you were travelling on foot or riding a horse."如果你徒步旅行或骑马的话,使用自然的像山和河流的这样的标志是很容易的.故答案是B.
80 A 主旨大意题.第一段讲15,16世纪爱冒险的人没有地图如何旅行;第二段讲在没有地图之前人们怎么出行;第三段讲早期地图的使用;第四段讲近期地图的设计和使用;第五段讲现代的我们用GPS.所以整篇文章讲的是地图的发展,介绍地图的历史过程.故答案是A.

点评 结合本文,对考生阅读理解提出以下几方面要求:1.不但要求掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想,而且要求掌握文章中的详细事实与细节. 2.不但要求对于具体事实情节的理解,而且要求对其抽象含义的理解,既要理解字面意思,又要理解其深层含义,包括作者的态度、观点、意图等. 3.既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系,又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理. 4.既要求考生能够运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题;又要求考生能运用中学生应有的生活常识去分析、理解问题.

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