1. 形容词和副词的辨析：一般无规律可循，只能在于平常时多积累。我们应注意这几点：(1)分清形容词和副词各自的语法功能，即形容词常用作定语，而副词常用作状语；(2)掌握具体的形容词、副词的基本含义和语法功能。如therefore意为“所以”，在句中起关联作用。(3)有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加-ly，意义不太相同，应加以分辨。常见的有：close接近──closely仔细地，密切地；high高──highly高度地；free免费──freely自由地，自如地；late晚，迟──lately近来；deep深──deeply深刻地，深入地；near邻近──nearly几乎；　 hard努力地──hardly几乎不；most最──mostly主要地； wide宽阔──widely广泛地；easy从容地──easily容易地 (4)有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同。换言之，有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性。常见的有：early, straight, slow, enough, fast, hard, long, firm等。

8. almost: 差距比nearly小。可与never, no, no one, none, 　　 nobody, nothing, nowhere等否定词连用，但不能 　　 与not连用。 　　 nearly: 不可与上述否定词连用，但可与not连用，构成 　　 Not…nearly, 意为“远非…，远不及…”

7. do damage to sth live one’s dream in ruins/in pieces under attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment

6. do sth would rather+ not do sth would rather+ do sth than do sth =would do sth rather than do sth =prefer to do sth rather than do sth would rather+ that-clause+ did─表现在或将来 would rather+ that-clause+ had done─表过去

5. Where there is a river, there is a city. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is life, there is hope.

4. in…参加…比赛 　　 compete+ with/against…与…竞赛/竞争 　　 compete+ for…角逐…，为获取…而竞赛

3. weigh vt. 称…的重量 　　　 vi. 重达…， 重量为… 　　　 put on weight 　　　 lose weight 　　　 by weight 　　　 in meters/pounds/calories 　　　 by the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton

3. affect vt. 影响 　　 effect n. 效果，作用 　　 have a good/bad effect on 　　 in effect事实上 　　 cause and effect因果 　　 take effect生效，起作用 　　 come into effect生效，实行 　　 effort n. 努力 　　 without effort毫不费力 　　 make every effort尽一切努力 　　 spare no effort不遗余力

2. They tied for first place in the game. We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match. The dog is tied to a tree.

1. prepare+ sth 　　 prepare+ sth for sth 　 prepare+ for sth 　 prepare+ to do sth 　 be prepared for 　 be prepared to do sth 　 make preparations for