3. 情态动词must的第三个用法是表示对过去的动作进行肯定推测,句型是must have +P. P.
注意:变否定句或疑问句时,要将must改为can。
例1:I was told his mother was ill, so he must have gone to the hospital.
有人告诉过我他妈病了,所以他肯定去了医院。
例2:He couldn’t have done that because he was not there when that happened.
那事不可能是他所为,因为事情发生时也不在现场。
例3:―Can he have been told the bad new?
――肯定有人告诉过他那个坏消息吗?
―No. Because he looked so happy.
2. 情态动词must的第二个用法是表示对目前发和的动作进行肯定推测,句型是must+v.。
注意:变否定句或疑句句时,要将must改为can。
例1:The light is still on. He must be at home.
灯还亮着,他肯定在家。
例2:Can he be in his office at the moment?
此刻他肯定在他的办公室吗?
例3:He can’t be at the school now. I saw him at home a moment ago.
他现在不可能在学校。我刚刚还看见他在家呢。
1. 情态动词must的每一个用法是表示说话人主观认为“必须”帮一件重要或紧要的事。
例1:You must clean your own boots.
你得擦你自己的靴子。
例2:I must be at the station at ten. My mother’s train will arrive.
我得十点钟赶到车站。我妈妈乘坐的火车要到了。
例3:―Must I be at home before ten?
――我十点以前必须到家吗?
―No, you needn’t.
――不,没必要。
5. And a new dress costs over four hundred francs.
一件新的礼服要花费四百多法郎。
【解析1】句中的dress意为“礼服”,作为外出酬时穿的正式礼服。“晚礼服”是evening dress,“大礼服”是full dress。表示“服装”时是指男女服装的总称,尤指外衣,是不可数名词。用作可数名词时意为“女服(长连衣裙)”或“童装”。
例1:At the evening party last night, Bill’s wife wore a beautiful evening dress.
在昨晚的晚会上,比尔的妻子穿了一件很漂亮的晚礼服。
例2:Our new English teacher doesn’t care much about dress.
我们的新英语老师不太注意衣着。
例3:Tom’s mother bought a blue dress last summer.
汤姆的妈妈去年夏天买了一条蓝色的连衣裙。
【解析2】cost译作“花费”时,其主语为物,句型是sth. costs sb. some money。英语中常见的表示“花费”的词还有spend,句型是sb. spends some money on sth. (in doing sth).; pay, 句型是sb. pays some money for sth.; take (多用于“花时间”),句型是It takes sb. some time to do sth.
例1:The diamond necklace cost me 2000 dollars.
这条钻石项链花了我2000美金。
例2:His mother spent 200 yuan on a handbag.
他妈妈花了200元买了一个手提包。
例3:The family have to pay over 600 yuan for food ev-ery month.
这一家每月得花600多元来购买食品。
例4:It will take me about two hours to finish my math work this evening.
今晚我得花大约两小时来完数学作业。
(四)语法精讲
情态动词(3)―must, can/could, may/might 的用法:
4. I was the only person in my office who was invited. I’ve written to accept the invitation.
我是我们办公室里惟一被邀请的人。我已写信接受了这份邀请。
【解析1】句中的who was invited是分隔定语从句,修饰名词person,被介词短语in my office隔开了。在英语中如果一个名词带了几个定语时,常常按照定语的长短来排列顺序,一般是长的定语放在短的定语的后面。
例1:Do you remember one afternoon afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a neck-lace of yours?
十年前的一个下午,我到你家借了一条项链,你还记得吗?
例2:Carl still remembers one afternoon in his first year when the professor took the students to the chem.-istry lab.
卡尔仍然记和一年级时教授带学生们到化学实验室去的那个下午的情景。
例3:The days are gone when we suffered so much.
我们以前受苦的日子一去不复返了。
【解析2】accept与receive是近义词,初学者容易混淆,其实区别很明显的。accept“接受”,指经过考虑,同意接受,动作者本身是主动的;而receive“收到”,指收到物品时的动作,不包含本身是否愿意接受的意思。
例1:We can’t accept your proposal.
我们不能接受你们的建议。
例2:He received a good education.
他受过良好的教育。
例3:He received a gift, but didn’t accept it.
他收到了一份礼物,但没接受。
3. Years of hard work, little food, only a cold room to live in and never, never a moment’s rest.
多年劳累,食不果腹,唯有寒舍一间,得不到片刻休息。
【解析】这是一个有四个名词词组构成的省略句,这些分句是一个相对完整的语言单位,不需要增补其他句子成分。句中的to live in是不定式短语做后置定语,修饰前面的room。不定式做后置定语时与其所修饰的名字有几种关系:动宾关系、主谓关系、同位关系和偏正关系。
例1:I have some letters to write this evening. (to write some letters 动宾关系)
今晚我有几封信要写。
例2:Where are the exercise-books are to be handed in主谓关系)
要交的练习本在哪里?
例3:We got no instructions to give up the experiment.
(=We got no instructions that we should give up the experimet. 同位关系)
我们没有得到放弃这个实验的指示。
例4:She had only a cold room to live in.
她唯有寒舍一可住。
to live in a cold room偏正关系, in a cold room是
live的地点状语,要注意的是in不能省。
2. I’m sorry, but I don’t think I know you.
很抱歉,我想我不认识你。
【解析1】I’m sorry, but… 是一个句型,用来表达适度的遗憾或道歉。翻译时but不用翻译。
例如:―Could you please mail this letter for me?
―― 你能代我寄这封信吗?
―I’m sorry, but I’m not going to the post office.
――对不起,我不去邮局。
【解析2】当主句的谓语动词为think, expect, suppose, be-lieve, imagine等词的否定时,后面的宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
例1:I don’t believe you are right.
我认为你不对。
例2:I don’t suppose I can come back before nine o’clock.
我想我九点以前是回不来了。
另外,还要注意以上这类句子反意问句的构成。当句子的主语为第一人称时,后面的问句根据从句来定,如果主句的主语为第一人称以外的人称时,则随主句而定。孙
例1:We don’t think it will rain this afternoon, will it?
我想今天下午不会雨,是吗?
例2:He doesn’t suppose we’ll win, does he?
他认为我们不会赢,对吗?
1. That’s because of hard work ― ten years of hard work.
那是因为劳累――十的劳累的缘故。
【解析1】that指上文提到的“显得衰老”,指下文时一般用this。
【解析2】because of是介词,等于by reason of, on account of (因为,由于),类似的还有due to 和owing to。在该句中引导介词短语做表语。
例1:He was absent. This is because of his illness.
他缺席了,这是因为他生病。
例2:Is it because of your failure in the exam that you are unhappy?
你是因为考试不及格而不高兴吗?
4. pay off
pay off 偿清(债务等)
例如:It took them six years to pay off the debts.
他们花了六年时间才还清那件判决所定的债务。
【相关链接】
1) pay back 偿还;报答,回报
例1:If you’ll lend me two yuan, I’ll pay it back tomor-row.
要是你能借给我两元线,我将在明天归还。
例2:How can I pay you back for all your kindness?
我将怎样报答你的一切好意呢?
2) pay down用现金支付,当场支付
例如:He paid the money down and took the goods.
他当场付了钱,并取走了货物。
3) pay for为了得到……而付钱;因……而受罚
例1:Of course we have to pay for all we buy.
当然我们不论买什么都得付钱。
例2:He will have to pay for his carelessness.
他将得为他的粗心而自食其果。
4) pay in存入;捐(钱)
例1:I pay in five yuan each month.
我每月把五块钱存入银入。
例2:The contributions actually paid to date amount to more than three thousand yuan.
到现在为止,实际收到的捐款共计三千元以上。
5) pay out 付出钱;向……报复
例1:They have to pay out a lot on repairing that house.
为了修理那所房子他们得付很多钱。
例2:The man said that he would pay Bill out for his kill-ing his brother.
那个人说他为比尔杀了他的兄弟而要向比尔报仇。
6) pay up付清(钱)
例1:You must pay up what you owe me.
你必须还清欠我的钱。
例2:He asked me to pay up.
他要求我把钱付清。
(三)难句分析
3. call on
call on拜访(某人);请求;使出(力量)
例1:We can call on Mary tomorrow.
我们明天能拜访玛丽。
例2:I will now call on Li Ming for an answer.
我现在要向李明请教答案。
例3:We have to call on all our strength.
我们得用全力。
【相关链接】
1) call at 参观(某地方)
例如:We called on our headmaster at his office.
我们昨天在校长办公室拜访了校长。
2) call for 要求;需要;约请(人)
例1:He called for the waiter for the bill.
他呼唤侍者过来要帐单。
例2:I’ll call for you at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning.
明天早上九点我来叫你。
3) call in 邀来,请来;收回
例1:Have you called any doctor in?
你们请医生了吗?
例2:The makers have called in some cars with dangerous faults.
制造商已收回一些危险缺陷的汽车。
4) call up征集;唤起;打电话
例1:The villagers called up the soldiers to clear up the road.
村民们召集了士兵来清扫道路。
例2:The movie calls up my bitter hatred for the terror-ists.
这部电影唤起了我对恐怖分子的深仇大恨。
例3:If you want to place an order, please call me up.
如果你要订购的话,就电话给我。
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