(二)被动语态的用法

(1)动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。例如：

Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.　　

The new test book will be used next term.

(2)当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。例如：

This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.

The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.

(3)含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。

例如：The pianist gave the pupils some advice.

　　　　　　　　　　 间接宾语 直接宾语

→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.

→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.

(4)在主动语态句中动词make、have、let、see、watch、hear、feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。

例如：The boss made them work ten hours a day.

　　 →They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.

　　 　A boy saw him enter the house.

　 　　　→He was seen to enter the house.

(一)被动语态的构成

英语动词的被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be必须与主语的人称和数保持一致，并有时态的变化。例如：

The man was fooled by the two boys.

The book has been translated into several languages.

(八)过去将来时

过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句当中，主句中的谓语动词一般是过去时。

例如：

1)　 He said that he would study harder than before.

2)　 He didn’t tell me when he would go.

(七)过去完成时

表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或状态，或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。

例如：

1)　 By the end of last year, we had learned more than 2,000 English words.

2)　 My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.

(六)过去进行时

过去进行时表示在过去某个时候正在进行的动作或过去某个阶段正在做的事情。

例如：

1)　 He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.

2)　 When I came in, they were having supper.

(五)现在完成时

现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，或还要延续下去，句中常用since, for, yet, already等表示一段时间的状语。

例如：

1)　 Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.

2)　 He has been in this factory for five years.

(四)现在进行时

现在进行时表示现在时刻正在进行的动作或表示现阶段正在做的事情，句中常与now, at this moment等时间状语连用。

例如：

1)　 The boy is playing video games.

2)　 His father is writing a novel these days.

(三)一般将来时

英语动词表示将来时间有多种形式，其共同特点是句中常有表示将来时间的状语，如：tomorrow, next week, in a week等

例如：

1)　 We will visit the science museum next week.

2)　 We are going to discuss the problem tomorrow.

(二)　 一般过去时

一般过去时主要用于表示过去的动作、行为或状态，句中常有yesterday, ago, in 1989, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now 等时间状语。

例如：

1)　 He was born in 1989.

2)　 I used to play football when I was young.

英语的动词在表示不同时间里发生的行为或存在的状态时，要用不同的形式来表示。英语的时态从时间上来看，可分为“现在”，“过去”，“将来“和”过去将来“四大类。动词共有十六种不同时态，但常用的时态有八种。

(一)　 一般现在时

一般现在时表示经常发生的动作(习惯性的动作)或存在的状态，句中常用always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day等时间状语。

例如：

1)　 He goes to school at seven o’clock every day.

2)　 The sun rises in the east.