2. Children are tired of learning often because they ____ to do better than they can.

1. Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had ____.

12. spare

1) adj. 备用的，多余的，剩余的 a spare tire 备用轮胎 / spare cash 余款　 If you have a spare bed, may I stay tonight? / Have you any spare time to help me?

2) n. 节约，抽出　 spare no effort / pain 不遗余力 / spare no expense 不惜工本 / Please spare me your opinions, just tell me the facts. / Can you spare this time to help me? / Can you spare me this book for a while?

▲ 搭配：

① in one's spare time 在空余时间；在业余时间 ② spare no pains / efforts to do sth 不遗余力地去做某事 ③ spare one's energy 节省精力

[考例3](2005湖北)They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to ____.

A. spare　 B. catch　 C. leave　 D. make

[考查目标]考查几个与时间名词搭配的动词含义。

[答案与解析]A　 题意为“他们出发晚了，只剩下几分钟的时间赶往机场”。to spare = be able to afford to give (time, money, etc.) 意为“多余。余富”。

[考点5]turn 的用法

▲ 构词：turning n. [C]拐弯处，拐角处

▲搭配：

① turn around / round 转过身；转过来

② turn away 把……打发走；解雇；拒绝；把脸扭开

③ turn down 关小；调低；拒绝

④ turn green 变绿

⑤ turn in 上缴；移交给警察

⑥ turn off 关掉(自来水、电灯、收音机等)；切断

⑦ turn on 开；旋开(电灯、无线电等)

⑧ turn over 翻到；翻身；翻(书页)；翻动；翻耕(土地)；把…翻一翻；移交(工作)；转让(公司)

⑨ turn to 翻到；转向；求救于；求助于

⑩ turn up 调大；出现；到达；找到；转弯；转向

⑪ turn...into... 把……变成……

⑫ wait one's turn 等着轮到某人

⑬ by turns 轮流地．依次

⑭ turn out 结果证明是；生产

⑮ turn into 进入

⑯ in turn 依次；反过来(表示对比)

▲句型：

① turn + n. = become a / an / the + n. 变成

② turn + adj. (green / yellow / deaf) 变得 It's one's turn to do sth = Now comes one's turn to do sth 轮到某人干某事了；该某人干某事

一般疑问句：Is it one's turn to do sth?

特殊疑问句：Whose turn is it to do sth?

take turns (at) doing sth / to do sth = take one's turn to do sth = do sth by turns = do sth in turn 轮流千某事

“(结果)证明”可表达为：...turn out (to be) + 名词或形容词；It turns / turned out that + 句子。例如：The meeting turned out to be a great success. 结果会议开得很成功。= It turned out that the meeting was a great success.

▲ 辨析：①become; get; go; grow; turn

该组词作系动词用时， 均表示变化，但

become意为“变成，成为， 转为”，多用于书面语，多指有一种状态向另一种状态的变化，所表示的变化过程往往已经完成，其后可接形容词、名词等作表语。

get意为“变成，……起来”，多用于口语，多指由一种状态变成另一种状态，表示短时间的状态变化，其后接形容词、不定式或现在分词等作表语。

go常指由好变坏或由正常情况变成特殊情况。如：go bad / blind / mad / crazy / wrong / red变坏 /变瞎 / 变疯 / 出毛病 / (气得脸)变红；表示短时间的状态变化，其后接形容词等作表语。

grow有“逐渐变成新状态”之意，强调变化过程。

turn意为“变成”，表示成为完全不同的事物，强调变化的结果。其后可接形容词作表语，一般表示东西变质，人或天气变坏及颜色的变化等，后接名词时，名词前无冠词。例如：Johnson has become a lawyer, but Michael remains a waiter at a hotel. Johnson已做了律师，可Michael却还在一家宾馆当服务员。/ Don't get too excited! 不要太激动! / Meat goes bad easily in summer. 肉在夏天易变坏。/ The smoke grew thicker. 烟变得更浓了。/ The milk turned sour. 牛奶酸了。 He has turned journalist. = He has become a journalist. 他已经成了一名记者。

② close shut；turn off 该组词均表达“关，关闭”之意，但close意为“关，关闭，封闭”，是较正式的用语，常指把门窗、箱子、盒千等关闭起来或将使用着的路封闭起来。shut意为“关，关闭，关牢”，可与互换使用，但其意味更强，强调关的结果，含有关紧或关牢之意。turn off 意为“关．关闭”，常用于电源、电灯、电视、收音机等电器及水流等液体的关闭。

[考例5](2004浙江) We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite ____ as planned.

A. make out　　 B. turn out　 C. go on　 D. come up

[考查目标] 考查动词短语辨析。

[答案与解析]B　 make out表示“分辨”；turn out表示“结果是”；go on 表示“继续”；come up表示“问题等被提出”。结合上下文的意思应该选turn out。

[考点7]waste 的用法

▲ 搭配：a waste of……的浪费

▲ 句型：

① waste sth 浪费；消耗

② waste time / money + (in) doing sth 浪费时间／金钱干某事

③ waste time / money + on sth 浪费时间 / 金钱……

④ It's (a) waste of time / money / breath + to do sth. / doing sth 干某事是白费时间／钱／口舌

[考例7](NMET 1995)You're ____ your time trying to persuade him; he'll never join us.

A. spending　　 B. wasting　　 C. losing　 D. missing

[考查目标]考查动词的辨析。

[答案与解析]B　 根据上下文的意思”他不会加到我们中的，所以你是在浪费时间”。

[牛刀小试1]

用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(spare, hope, waste, hand, expect, envy)

6. so young a body

[说明]在一个带有形容词的名词词组中，不定冠词a / an通常放在adj. 的前面。但是，如果adj.前有so, too, how, quite 时，a / an应放 adj. 的后面。其结构是：so / too / how / quite + adj. + a / an + n.。He is so good a student. / It is too difficult a job for me.

1. mercy n. 仁慈、怜悯

They showed little mercy to the enemies. 他们对敌人毫不怜悯。/ We were treated with mercy. 人们对待我们很仁慈。

have mercy on 对……表示怜悯 She was so kind that the showed much mercy on the poor. 她很仁慈对穷人很怜悯。

at the mercy of 任由……摆布，受……控制 She is at the mercy of her emotions. 她完全受自己感情的支配。

[考点2]order 的用法

▲搭配：

① obey orders 服从命令

② in order that 为了；以便

③ in order to 为了；以便

④ in order 整齐；按顺序；有条理

⑤ out of order 失灵，出故障

⑥ take orders from sb = take one's orders 接受命令

⑦ send orders to sb 传令给……

⑧ give an order 下命令

⑨ take / have one's order 请某人点菜

⑩ keep order 维持秩序

⑪ have orders 奉命

▲句型：

① order sb. to do sth 命令某人干某事

② order sth to be done 命令干某事

③ order (that) sh / sth (should) + V. 命令干某事

④ order sb sth 给某人订购某物

⑤ in order to do sth; in order that-clause 为了……

⑥ We used the computer in order to save time. = We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节省时间。

⑦ There came an order that...= An order came that... 传来……命令

⑧ May I take / have your order? 你点菜吗?(饭店服务员用语)

▲辨析：command；direct；order

三词均意为“命令”，但

command语气较强，多用于正式的场合。

direct语气较弱。

order语气较强，但比较局限和具体，多用于军事指挥中，接宾语从句时需用虚拟语气。例如：The men did as their officer had commanded. 士兵遵照长官的命令行事。/ The general directed that his men should retreat. 将军命令他的部下撤退。/ The police ordered the demonstrators to stop. 警方命令示威者停止前进。

[考例2](1996上海)

-- I wonder if I could use your telephone.　 -- ____.

A. I wonder how　　　　　 B. I don't wonder

C. Sorry, it's out of order　 D. No wonder, here it is

[考查目标]考查交际用语。

[答案与解析]C　 out of order 表示“出故障”。

[考点4]pay的用法

▲构词：

① pay phone 公用电话　　 ② payday 发薪日

③ pay envelope 工资袋　　 ④ well-paid 高薪的

▲ 搭配：

① pay back 偿还／归还(借款等)；报答；报复；回敬

② pay for sth 付钱；支付；为……付m(代价)

③ pay off (one's debts) 还清(债务)

④ pay sb back for... 报答某人什么

⑤ pay one's debt 还账

⑥ pay...a visit = pay a visit to 访问……；拜访……

⑦ get / be paid = get one's pay 领工资；得到报酬

⑧ pay taxes / rent / the bill 纳税／交租金／付账

⑨ pay one's respects to sb 向某人表示敬意

⑩ pay attention to 注意

▲ 句型：

① pay sb some money for (doing) sth 干某事付给某人多少钱

② pay sb + 钱付给某人多少钱

③ pay for (doing) sth 为(干)某事付钱

④ pay + 钱 + for (doing) sth 为(干)某事付多少钱

⑤ pay sb to do sth 雇某人干某事

▲ 辨析：fee；pay；salary；wage

salary 指定期发放的工资，常以一个月或一年为期限，多为白领工作人员或管理部门的人员的工资

wage 多用复数wages，指体力劳动者的工资，指每周所发的工资或计时计件工资

pay 指发给军人或其他公务员的“薪水”，经常指永久性的、定期付给一定数量的钱

fee指为某种专业服务而付出的钱(如付给律师的)。例如：

The fee for the concert is 100 yuan. 音乐会的票价是100元。We can't afford private school fees. 我们负担不起私立学校的学费。It's a dirty job but the pay is good. 这是份很脏的工作，但工资不错。My salary is paid directly into my bank account. 我的薪金是直接拨入我的银行户头的。What's the average wage in this country? 这个国家的平均工资是多少?

[考例4](NMET 1998)Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.

A. pay　　 B. paying　　 C. paid　　 D. to pay

[考查目标]考查 get paid 的含义。

[答案与解析]C　 get paid 领工资；得到报酬。

[考点8]serve 的用法

▲构词：

① service n. 服务

② servant n. 仆人，佣人

③ service-charge ＝ tip n. 服务费，小费

④ a service industry 一种服务性行业

▲ 搭配：

① serve sb heart anti soul 全心全意为人民服务

② serve as / for 某物当……用；用作；起……作用

③ serve one's turn / need / purpose 适合某人的目的 /需要 / 心意

④ serve in the army 服役

⑤ provide good after-sales service 提供优质

⑥ community service 社区服务

⑦ go into service 投入使用；去帮佣

⑧ in service 当佣人；在职；服兵役；使用中

⑨ do sb a (great) service 帮某人个(大)忙；给某人...(大)忙

⑩ be at one's service 听候某人吩咐；听凭某人使用

⑪At your service. 愿为您效劳；听候您的吩咐

▲ 句型：① serve sb (with) sth = serve sth to sb 拿／用……招待／款待某人 ② Can I be of (any) service to you? 我能帮你什么忙吗? ③ be of service to... 对……有用／有帮助／有好处

[考例8](NMET 1993)In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.

A. is serving　　 B. is served　 C. serves　　 D. served

[考查目标] 考查固定短语。

[答案与解析]B　 考查 be served with 固定短语。

4. fortune n. 机会；运气

make a fortune 发财致富 / push one's fortune 追求名利，努力抬高自己的地位；力图发迹 / run a fortune 冒风险 / seek one's fortune 寻求出路，力图发迹 / try one's fortune 碰运气　 He made a considerable fortune selling waste materials. 他靠卖废料发了大财。/ Fortune favours the brave.

[考点9]hand的用法

▲构词：

① handshake n. [C] 握手 ② handstand n. [C]手倒立

③ handtruck n. [C]手推车

④ handwriting n. [U]笔迹，书法

⑤ handful n. [C] (一)把；少数。少量

⑥ handkerchief n. [C]手帕

⑦ handbag n. [C]女用皮包，手提包

▲ 搭配：

① hold out one's hand 伸出手

② hold one's hand 握着某人的手

③ reach (out) for...= reach (out) one's hand for...伸手够……

④ raise one's hand(s) = put up one's hand(s)举手

⑤ hand down 把……传下去／发下去

⑥ hand in 上交；递交；提交

⑦ hand out 分发；发放；散发

⑧ hand (over) to... 移交给……，拿给(另一个)

⑨ go hand in hand with 与……齐头并进

⑩ by hand 手工；用手(区别于用机器等)

⑪ hand in hand 并进；联合；手拉手；紧密合作

⑫ from hand to hand 从一人之手转到他人之手

⑬ at hand 在手边；即将到来；即将来临；在近处

⑭ a green hand 生手；没有经验的人

⑮ a handful of 少量的；一把；很少的

⑯ be short of hands 缺人手

⑰ give / lend sb a hand (with sth) (在某方面)帮某人一下忙

⑱ shake hands with sb = shake one's hand = shake sb by the hand与某人握手

⑲ catch / take sb by the hand = catch / take one's hand抓住／拉着某人的手

⑳ Hands up! 举起手来!(命令)

比较：Hands off! 请勿动手!(不要用手摸!)

▲ 句型：

① hand sb. sth = hand sth (on) to sb = hand (on) sth to sb 把……交给……

② on the one hand..., on the other hand 一方面…，(但)另一方面… (可连用，也可单独使用) (第一个the和第二个hand可以省略)

③ have a hand in (doing) sth 参与；插手；对(干)某事负部分责任

[考例9](2004福建)It's certain that he will ____ his business to his son when he gets old.

A. take over　 B. think over　 C. hand over　 D. go over

[考查目标]考查 hand over 的意思。

[答案与解析]C　 hand over...to sb 把……移交给某人。

[考点6]hope 的用法

▲构词：

① hopeful adj. 有希望的；有前途的

② hopefully adv. 有希望地

③ hopeless adj. 没有希望的；不可救药的

▲搭配：

① in the hope of = in hopes of = hoping 怀着……的希望　 ② hope for sth 希望……；期待……

▲句型：

① hope to do sth (既表示愿望又表示对此很有把握)希望……

② hope that clause 希望……；预祝……

③ (be) in the hope / hopes of doing sth 希望……

④ (be)in the hope / hopes that clause 希望……

⑤ express the / one's hope to do sth 希望……

⑥ express the / one's hope that clause 希望……

⑦ It is hoped that... = Hopefully...人们希望……

⑧ I hope so. 我希望如此。 I hope not. 我希望没有。(我希望不。)

⑨ had hoped to do sth 或had hoped that sb would do sth 表示“本希望(本想)，但未实现”

⑩ There is little / no / not much hope of (doing) sth 干某事的希望不大

⑪I s there little / no / not much hope that...? 没有干某事的希望 / 可能吗?

⑫ Is there any hope of doing sth? Is there any hope that…? 有十某事的希望吗?

▲辨析：desire；expect；hope；want：wish (见本讲考点10)

▲友情提示：千万不可使用hope sb to do sth 结构。

[考例6](2004江苏)

-- You haven't lost the ticket, have you?

-- ____. I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment.

A. I hope not　　 B. Yes, I have

C. I hope so　　 D. Yes, I'm afraid so

[考查目标]考查语境中的交际用语。

[答案与解析]A　 根据上下文的语境可以得出答案。

3. envy嫉妒；羡慕

(1) vt. Better be envied than pitied. 宁可让人妒忌，不要让人怜悯。/ I envy him his success. 我很羡慕(嫉妒)他的成功。

(2) n. They only say such unkind things about you out of

envy. 他们纯粹出于忌妒才说你这些坏话。/ He was filled with envy at my success. 他十分羡慕(嫉妒)我的成功。

▲搭配：

① feel envy at... 对……感到嫉妒

② out of envy 出于嫉妒／羡慕

③ envy sb 嫉妒／羡慕某人

④ envy sb sth = envy one's sth 嫉妒／羡慕某人某事

I don't envy you your journey in this bad weather. 我并不羡慕你在这种坏天气去旅行。

[考例1]I bought a new type of cellphone, which was the ____ of all my classmates.

A. admire　　 B. wish　　 C. respect　　 D. envy

[考查目标] 考查词语在具体语境中的用法。

[答案与解析]D ...is the envy of sb. 意为“……是某人所羡慕的”。

[考点lO]expect 的用法

▲构词：

① expectation n. [C；U] 预料；预期；期待；期望；盼望　 ② unexpected adj. 未预料到的

▲句型：

① expect that clause 以为；认为；期望

② expect to do sth 期望干某事

③ expect sb to do sth 期待某人做某事

④ sb didn't expect sb to do sth 没料到某人会干某事

⑤ expect so / not料想如此／不会如此

⑥ ...as / than (sb) expected 如……预料／比预料更

⑦ as is / was / might be expected；as might have been expected果然；不出所料；正如所料

⑧ had expected to do sth 表示“本希望(本想)，但未实

现”。

⑨ beyond (one's) expectation 出乎(某人)意料；料想不到；较预期的更大／好

▲辨析：desire；expect；hope；want；wish

该组词均可表达愿望，但：

expect表示“期待。期望，盼望”，有把握，有根据地认为某事将要发生或期待某事的发生，着重相信或认为有客观可能。

hope表示想做某事或期望出现某种有利的结果，隐含这种希望可以实现，意为“希望于某事”。

want为普通口语用词，指对满足某种实际需要的渴求。

wish表示一种心愿和渴望，渴望的程度比desire弱，或表示一种不能实现的愿望，也用来表示对人的祝福。

desire既可作动词。也可作名词。最正式、严肃，强调感情的强烈和热切，强调“主观愿望的热切性”，含有“强烈希望做某事”的意思。例如：

He desires a college education. 他想受大学教育。/ I expect that we'll succeed this time. 我想这次我们一定会成功。/ I hope everything goes well with your work. 祝你工作如意，事事顺心。/ I don't want your child to be spoiled. 我不愿你的孩子被宠坏。/ I wish I had tried more things at college. 我以前读大学时，若能多尝试一些事情多好。/ How I wish I could buy a house like that. 啊，假如我能

买一栋那样的房子该多好。

▲友情提示：expect表示“期待，期望，盼望”，有把握、有根据地认为某事将要发生或期待某事的发生，着重相信或认为有客观可能。

[考例10](2004北京春招) I arrived late; I ____ the road to be so icy.

A. wouldn't expect　　　　 B. haven't expected

C. hadn't expected　　　　 D. wasn't expecting

[考查目标]考查expect的时态所表示的含义。

[答案与解析]C　 I hadn't expected 表示“我当时没有意料到……”，与过去的事实情况相反。

11. dozen

dozen n. pl. (dozen，dozens) (作为实数及用作定语时，复数不加“s”) 一打，十二个 (pl. dozens) 若干；几十；许多 several dozen exercise-books 几打练习本 / some dozen (of) people 约十二个人 / some dozens of people 几十个人 / pack pencils in dozens 按打包装铅笔

习惯用语：by the dozen 按打计算 / I've bought a dozen eggs for dinner tonight. / The institute has dozens of telescopes through which we can observe the satellites tra- velling in space.

7. bargain

1) bargain n. 交易，合同交易；协议；廉价买到的东西A bargain's a bargain. / He made a bargain with his wife "You take care of the children and I'll cook." / This jacket is a real bargain at such a low price. / It's a real bargain.

2) bargain vi. (常与with，for连用) 讲价；谈条件 If you bargain with them they might reduce the price, she bargain- ed with the trader till he sold her the fruit cheaply.

[比较]

charge n. 费用，价钱；v. 要价，收费 charge sb some money for (doing) sth. 因做某事向人索价

此外，charge还可作“看管，负责”解。

take charge (of sb. / sth.) 照管，管理

in charge (of sb. / sth.) 照管，管理

in the charge of sb. 在……的管理之下

Who is in charge here? = Who takes charge here?

This project is in the charge of Mr. Smith.

13. accompany vt.

1) 陪伴 She accompanied me to the doctor's. / The minister was accompanied by his secretary to the hospital.

2) 伴随 Lightning usually accompanies thunder.

3) 伴奏 The well-known singer W&S accompanied at the electrical organ by his school teacher.