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5. go against  违背;不利于;反对

   [举例](1)The game is going against them.  比赛情况对他们不利。

      (2)Man can't go against nature. 人不能违背自然规律。

      (3)She asked the criminal patiently why he would always go against law.

她耐心地询问罪犯为什么他总要违反法律。

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4. feed vt.  喂;饲养;抚养

   [搭配]feed sth. to sb. = feed sb. with (on) sth.  用……喂养

feed sb./sth.  抚养某人/饲养……

      feed on...  以……为食

   [举例] (1)How often do you feed your dog a day?  你一天喂狗几次?

      (2)He has a large family to feed. 他要养活一大家人。

      (3)We feed meat to our dog.  我们喂肉给我们的狗吃。

      (4)Cows feed on hay during winter. 牛在冬天吃干草。

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2.raise vt.提示;增加;抬起;举起;饲养;抚养;种植

[举例](1) Raise your hand if you want to ask a question.

如果有问题要问,请举手。

      (2) Raise the temperature.把温度升高。

      (3) The farmer raised many sheep and crops.

那位农民饲养了很多绵羊,种了很多庄稼。

      (4) He raised the children by himself after his wife's death.

他妻子去世后,他一人独自抚养了孩子。

   [辨析]lift,raise,rise

      lift,raise,rise这几个动词都有“由低处向高处举起或升起”的意思,但它们的含义和使用情况有所不同。lift是指用体力或机械力把某物从地面举到一定的高度。

   [举例] Can you lift the basket of earth from the ground?

       你能把这筐土从地上提起来吗?

raise强调抬高动作的姿势。

   [举例] raise one's hand/a flag / a stone / ones voice / prices

       举手/升旗/搬起石头/提高嗓门/提高价格

       一般情况下raise和lift可以通用。

[举例]This is too heavy for me to raise (lift).这个东西太重我举不起来。

    rise是“升起”,“站起来”的意思,是不及物动词,表示主语由低而高的变化过程。

[举例](1)The sun rises in the east.  太阳从东方升起。

      (2)She rose from her seat. 她从座位上站了起来。

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2.cause  vt.引起,造成

   [搭配]  cause sth.引起(造成)……

       cause sb. sth.= cause sth.to sb.对……造成……

       cause sb.to do sth.使某人做某事

   [举例](1) What caused his death?是什么原因造成他的死亡?

      (2) He caused his parents a lot of trouble. = He caused a lot of trouble to his parents. 她对父母造成很多麻烦。

    (3)The drought caused the plants to die. 久旱造成植物枯萎。

   [拓展]cause作“使引起”时为使役动词,后面接不定式作宾语补足语,但不可按动词原形、形容词、 副词或分词等作宾语补足语,例如:

      What caused him to be so sad?  是什么使他如此悲伤?

但上句不可用 What caused him so sad?

   [比较]cause和reason作为名词,都有“原因”的意思。cause指客观存在的“原因”与effect(结果)相对;reason指推理上的理由,即是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”。

   [举例](1) Give me your reason for refusing?告诉我你拒绝的理由。

      (2) The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是不谨慎。

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1.effect n. 结果;影响;效果

[举例](1)Do you think the medicine will have any effect? 你认为这药有效吗?

(2)His new way of teaching produced a good effect.

他的新教法产生了良好的效果。

(3)Scolding sometimes brings bad effects on a child.

责骂对小孩有时造成负面影响。

(4)The medicine had a good effect on me. 那种药对我有良好的疗效。

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16. it作主语的用法:

    1)it用作代词

    ①指代事物或前面提到过的事物。例如:

     What’s in the picture?.It's a cat.图画里是什么?是一只猫。

     It's the wind shaking the door.是风刮得门响。

     你曾经给过她许多帮助,她永远也不会忘记。

    ②指人。例如: 

     Who is it ? It's me. 是谁?是我。

    ③表示时间或季节。例如:

     It is seven o'clock now. 现在7点钟。

     What day is today? It is Friday.今天星期几?今天星期五。

     What is the date today? It's the third of May.今天几号?今天5月3号。

     What season is it? It's autumn.现在是什么季节?是秋天。

    ④表示距离。例如:

     How far is it from the school to your home? 从学校到你家多远?

     It is twenty miles from here to the village.从这里到那村庄20英里路。

    ⑤表示气候。例如:

     It is cold today. 今天天气冷。

     What was the weather like yesterday? It was fine. 昨天天气怎样?天气晴朗。

     It often rains here in summer. 这里夏天时常下雨。

    ⑥表示情况。例如:

     How is it going with you ? 你近来情况怎样?

     Where does it hurt? 哪儿痛?

     Whose pen is this? It's mine. 这是谁的钢笔?是我的。

  2)it用作形式主语

   it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语,位于句首,而被替代的真正主语后置。

   ① it + 谓语 + 不定式。例如:

  It is easy to climb the hill.爬那座小山很容易。

    It is his duty to settle the problem.解决那个问题是他的责任。

It is not proper to do so.这样做不恰当。

   ② it + 谓语 + 动名词短语。例如:

    It is no use arguing with him.同他争辩没用。

    It is no good going there. 到那里去没有用处。

    It is exciting working here with you.在这里同你一起工作很令人兴奋。

   ③ it + 谓语 + 名词性从句。例如:

    It is clear that she is the best student in the class.

    很明显,她是班上最好的学生。

    It's a pity that you can't go with her.你不能同她一块去,真遗憾。

It's certain that he will get on well with them.

可以肯定,他会同他们相处得很好。

    It is said that he is doing fine in school.据说他在学校里表现很好。

It doesn't mater whether he comes or not.他来不来都没有关系。

  注意:先行词it充当形式主语,构成大量的常用句式。要注意计后谓语不同的形式,并译成通顺的汉语。 

    (1) It is a pity that...真可惜……,可惜的是…… 

      It is a fact that...事实是……

It is a wonder that...这真是个奇迹 

      It is no wonder that...难怪…… 

    (2)It is obvious(clear)that...很明显……,很清楚……

     It is strange that...奇怪的是……,……令人费解 

    (3) It so happened that...碰巧……,说来也巧……  

      It follows that...从而……,于是乎……,这样一来…… 

      It seems that...看来……  

      It appears that...看来……,似乎……  

      It turned out that...  原来……,结果……  

      It occurred to me that...  我突然想到…… 

  (4) It was said that...据说…… 

It was reported that... 据报道……

It is believed that... 据认为,人们认为……

It is universally accepted that... 普遍认为

It was announced that... 据宣布

  It is estimated that...据估计  

     It is to be noted that...值得注意的是…… 

     It must be admitted that...必须承认 

     It can safely be said that...完全可以说…… 

     It can thus be concluded that...由此可以得出结论…… 

   (5)It doesn’t matter...      ……是无关紧要的 

     It doesn't need to be bothered that...无须担忧 .....

     It makes no difference...……毫无二致  

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15.地理方位的表示法,学会如何正确地使用介词in,to,on

(1)  A地位于B地境内以东(西、南北)

A lies/is in the east/west/south/north of B.

(2)  A地位于B地境外以东(西、南、北)

A lies/is to the east/west/south/north of B.

(3)  A地位于B地的东(西、南、北)部接壤

A lies/is on the east/west/south/north of B.

   另外:lie on还表示“位于……畔”。

     Japan lies to the east of China.  日本位于中国东部。

     Guangzhou lies in the south of China. 广州位于中国的南部。

      Korea lies on the northeast of China. 朝鲜在中国东北。

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14.Possession n.(U)所有;拥有(C)财产;所有物(常用复数)

    [举例] The possession of a passport is important for foreign travel.

      去国外旅行需要护照。

      She has valuable information in her possession.  她掌握了重要的信息。

      He lost all his possessions in the fire. 他在火灾中损失了所有的财产。

   [注意](习语)in possession of sth控制,占有,占据某物

         take possession of sth占有(某物)

     The old couple were in possession(took possession)“the house 30 years ago.

     这两老人30年前买下了这座房子。

   [比较] possessions/goods/wealth

      possessions作“财产;所有物”讲,常用复数。

      goods“货物;商品;财产”,复数名词,无单数形式,不能与数词连用,但可与many,these,those等词连用,谓语动词用复数。

      wealth“财产;财富”,为不可数名词。

   [举例] The goods were produced by a big factory in Shanghai

       这些货物是由上海一家大工厂生产的。

       The king's wealth was too great to measure.国王的财富多得难以计算。

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13.while conj.而

    [用法]while作连词,表对比,常译为“而”;此时,不能同when互换。

     [举例](1)He is lazy,while his brother is diligent.他懒惰而他兄弟勤勉·.

       (2)While you maybe right,I cannot altogether agree with you.

         你也许是对的,可我不能同意你。

    [注意]  while作“当……的时候”讲时表示一段时间,往往有自己的特殊意义,含有“趁着”之意。细读下列句子,体会句中while与when意义的区别:

       If you don’t work hard while you are young,you may regret when you are old.   少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

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12.compare比较

[搭配]:compare.., to...把......比作

compare., with...把......进行比较

   [举例](1) A beginner's painting can't be compared to that of an expert.

        初学者的画不能同专家的相比。

      (2)If you compare her work with his,you,11 find hers is much better.

        要是把他俩的工作比较一下,就会发现她好得多。

   [注意](1)compared with(to)“和……比较”,常位于句首或句尾,作状语。

        Compared with(to)drivers in other countries,Americans think they’re good drivers.同其他国家司机相比,美国人认为它们是不错的。

      (2)compare notes(with sb)(习语)交换意见、观点、看法

        We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.

        我们各自看了那出戏,后来交换了意见。

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