2.分子的热运动
物体里的分子永不停息地做无规则运动,这种运动跟温度有关,所以通常把分子的这种运动叫做热运动。
(1)扩散现象和布朗运动都可以很好地证明分子的热运动。
(2)布朗运动是指悬浮在液体中的固体微粒的无规则运动。关于布朗运动,要注意以下几点:①形成条件是:只要微粒足够小。②温度越高,布朗运动越激烈。③观察到的是固体微粒(不是液体,不是固体分子)的无规则运动,反映的是液体分子运动的无规则性。④实验中描绘出的是某固体微粒每隔30秒的位置的连线,不是该微粒的运动轨迹。
(3)为什么微粒越小,布朗运动越明显?可以这样分析:在任何一个选定的方向上,同一时刻撞击固体微粒的液体分子个数与微粒的横截面积成正比,即与微粒的线度r的平方成正比,从而对微粒的撞击力的合力F与微粒的线度r的平方成正比;而固体微粒的质量m与微粒的体积成正比,即与微粒的线度r的立方成正比,因此其加速度A=F/m∝r–1,即加速度与微粒线度r成反比。所以微粒越小,运动状态的改变越快,布朗运动越明显。
对布朗运动产生过程的分析有如下特点应加以注意。
(1)在排除了外界影响后,从流体内部找原因。
(2)提出了“液体分子”这个物理模型,并认为分子总处于永不停息的无规则运动中。同时,要把液体分子视做弹性小球,在跟固体微粒碰撞的过程中动能守恒。
(3)认为大量分子碰撞固体微粒时,某一瞬间,固体微粒各方向所受液体分子的冲力,对于体积小的固体微粒表现出明显的不平衡性。正是这种不平衡性,产生了布朗运动。
在这里,提出科学假说,建立物理模型,通过宏观实验,进行分析推理以得出微观结构及其运动特点的方法,对于得出正确结论是重要的。
同时,大量分子对固体微粒碰撞的冲力的不平衡性,冲力合力的方向的不确定性,还体现出新的规律性。这种反映大量分子永不停息的无规则运动的整体规律,称之为统计规律。
热学是物理学的一个组成部分,它研究的是热现象的规律。描述热现象的一个基本概念是温度。凡是跟温度有关的现象都叫做热现象。分子动理论是从物质微观结构的观点来研究热现象的理论。它的基本内容是:物体是由大量分子组成的;分子永不停息地做无规则运动;分子间存在着相互作用力。
1.物体是由大量分子组成的
这里的分子是指构成物质的单元,可以是原子、离子,也可以是分子。在热运动中它们遵从相同的规律,所以统称为分子。
(1)这里建立了一个理想化模型:把分子看作是小球,所以求出的数据只在数量级上是有意义的。一般认为分子直径大小的数量级为10-10m。
(2)固体、液体被理想化地认为各分子是一个挨一个紧密排列的,每个分子的体积就是每个分子平均占有的空间。分子体积=物体体积÷分子个数。
(3)气体分子仍视为小球,但分子间距离较大,不能看作一个挨一个紧密排列,所以气体分子的体积远小于每个分子平均占有的空间。每个气体分子平均占有的空间看作以相邻分子间距离为边长的正立方体。
(4)阿伏加德罗常数NA=6.02×1023mol-1,是联系微观世界和宏观世界的桥梁。它把物质的摩尔质量、摩尔体积这些宏观物理量和分子质量、分子体积这些微观物理量联系起来了。
[例题1]根据水的密度为ρ=1.0×103kg/m3和水的摩尔质量M=1.8×10-2kg,,利用阿伏加德罗常数,估算水分子的质量和水分子的直径。
解:每个水分子的质量m=M/NA=1.8×10-2÷6.02×1023=3.0×10-26kg;水的摩尔体积V=M/ρ,把水分子看作一个挨一个紧密排列的小球,则每个分子的体积为v=V/NA,而根据球体积的计算公式,用d表示水分子直径,v=4πr3/3=πd3/6,得d=4×10-10m
[例题2]利用阿伏加德罗常数,估算在标准状态下相邻气体分子间的平均距离D。
解:在标准状态下,1mol任何气体的体积都是V=22.4L,除以阿伏加德罗常数就得每个气体分子平均占有的空间,该空间的大小是相邻气体分子间平均距离D的立方。
,即:
,这个数值大约是分子直径的10倍。因此水气化后的体积大约是液体体积的1000倍。
小结:估算中需要利用已知的恒量,同时,采用适当的模型是重要的。一般计算分子占有空间大小的问题中,以取立方体为宜,特别是固体。但无论取球或立方体模型,计算结果的数量级相同。此题若取球模型,在保留1位有效数字时,结果的数量级是相同的,只是有效数字为4。
Sometimes I really doubt whether there is 46 between my parents. Every day they are
very 47 trying to earn money in order to pay the high tuition for my brother and me. They don’t act in the 48 ways that I read in books or I see on TV. In their opinion, “I love you” is too luxurious(奢侈的)for them to say. Sending flowers to each other on Valentine’s Day is even more 49 . Finally my father has a bad temper. When he’s very tired from the hard work, it is easy for him to lose his 50 .
One day, my mother was sewing a quilt. I silently sat down beside her .
“Mom, I have a question to ask you.”
“What?”
“Is there love between you and Dad?”
My mother stopped her work and 51 her head with 52 in her eyes. She didn’t answer
Immediately.
I was very 53 because I thought I had hurt her. I was in a great embarrassment and I didn’t know what to do. But 54 I heard my mother’s words: “Susan,” she said thoughtfully, “Look at this thread. Sometimes it appears, but most of it 55 in the quilt. The thread really makes the quilt strong and durable. If life is a quilt, then love should be a thread. It can 56 be seen anywhere or anytime, but it’s really 57 . love is inside.”
I listened carefully but I couldn’t understand her 58 the next spring, when my father suddenly got dick seriously. My mother had to stay with him in the 59 for a month. When they returned from the hospital, it seemed both of them had had a serious illness.
After that, every day in the morning and 60 , my mother helped my father walk slowly on the country road. It seemed they were the most harmonious 61 .
The doctor has said my father would 62 in two months. But after two months he still couldn’t walk by himself. All of us were worried about him.
“Dad, how are you feeling now?” I asked him one day.
“Susan, don’t worry about me.” To tell you the truth, I just like walking with your mom. I like this kind of life. 63 his eyes, I know he loves my mother deeply.
Once I thought love meant flowers, gifts and sweet 64 . But from this experience, I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our 65 . Love is inside, making life strong and warm.
46.A. love B.relation C.a similarity D.time
47.A.lucky B.busy C.glad D.disappointed
48.A.romantic B.normal C.hard D.special
49.A.possible B.impossible C.imaginative D.possibility
50.A.heart B.way C.temper D.mind
51.A.raised B.looked down C.dropped D.rose
52.A.surprise B.excitement C.humor D.anger
53.A.excited B.tired C.surprised D.worried
54.A.at first B.at last C.before D.after
55.A.appears B.finds C.disappears D.sees
56.A.easily B.hardly C.often D.usually
57.A.that B.here C.there D.this
58.A.in B.for C.before D.until
59.A.home B.factory C.bed D.hospital
60.A.night B.noon C.dusk D.dawn
61.A.family B.people C.couple D.friends
62.A.rescue B.recover C.die D.save
63.A.Reading B.Looking C.Understanding D.Thinking
64.A.looks B.kisses C.foods D.walks
65.A.mind B.heart C.life D.world
45. our earth, or else it will be no longer fit for us to live on.
A.Protected B.To protect C.Protecting D.protect
44. is smoking allowed here in the lecture hall.
A.At no time B.In no time C.At one time D.At a time
43.The news has spread all over the country the spaceship succeeded in returning.
A.that B.which C.whether D.what
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